The DOI matches its Crossref record; 176 of the 176 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Depression and cardiac disease: epidemiology, mechanisms, and diagnosis.
Open accessAbstract
In patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), depression is common, persistent, and associated with worse health-related quality of life, recurrent cardiac events, and mortality. Both physiological and behavioral factors-including endothelial dysfunction, platelet abnormalities, inflammation, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and reduced engagement in health-promoting activities-may link depression with adverse cardiac outcomes. Because of the potential impact of depression on quality of life and cardiac outcomes, the American Heart Association has recommended routine depression screening of all cardiac patients with the 2- and 9-item Patient Health Questionnaires. However, despite the availability of these easy-to-use screening tools and effective treatments, depression is underrecognized and undertreated in patients with CVD. In this paper, we review the literature on epidemiology, phenomenology, comorbid conditions, and risk factors for depression in cardiac disease. We outline the associations between depression and cardiac outcomes, as well as the mechanisms that may mediate these links. Finally, we discuss the evidence for and against routine depression screening in patients with CVD and make specific recommendations for when and how to assess for depression in this high-risk population.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Yet, there is a lack of easily accessible evidence-based treatments.”
From Metacognitive Short-Term Intervention in Patients With Mental Disorders Following Cardiovascular Events (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In clinical practice, only a fraction of CVD patients with a comorbid mental illness actually receives an adequate psychological treatment (5, 17, 18).”
From Metacognitive Short-Term Intervention in Patients With Mental Disorders Following Cardiovascular Events (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The most common disorders among CVD patients are pathological stress reactions after a cardiovascular event, depressive and anxiety disorders (3–6).”
From Metacognitive Short-Term Intervention in Patients With Mental Disorders Following Cardiovascular Events (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910
A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765
Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease
Ross, R. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199901143400207 · Cited by 21,725
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988
The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a Two-Item Depression Screener
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2003) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000093487.78664.3c · Cited by 6,359
An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ–4
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2009) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(09)70864-3 · Cited by 4,261
Inflammation and Its Discontents: The Role of Cytokines in the Pathophysiology of Major Depression
Miller, A. H., Maletic, V., & Raison, C. L. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.029 · Cited by 3,848
Plasma Norepinephrine as a Guide to Prognosis in Patients with Chronic Congestive Heart Failure
Cohn, J. N., Levine, T. B., Olivari, M. T., Garberg, V., Lura, D., Francis, G. S., Simon, A. B., & Rector, T. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198409273111303 · Cited by 3,125
Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis.
Howren, M. B., Lamkin, D. M., & Suls, J. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181907c1b · Cited by 2,766
Depression Following Myocardial Infarction
Frasure‐Smith, N. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510150053029 · Cited by 2,039
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- 2012, Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 5, 510
- 2011, Cardiology Journal, 18, 18
- 10.1176/appi.psy.50.6.613 · DOI · Paper page
- 1991, The American Journal of Pathology, 138, 951
- 2009, European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 13, 299
- 1988, Circulation, 78, 969
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–445 of 445
Chapter 6. Cardiovascular Disease
Shapiro, P. A. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg06
Chapter 7. Endocrine Disorders and Their Psychiatric Manifestations
Gagliardi, J. P. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg07
Doghramji, K. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg24
McCarron, R. M., Sheth, S. J., Mesa, C. D., & Parish, M. B. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg23
Chapter 3. The Bedside Cognitive Examination in Medical Psychiatry
Glass, S. P. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg03
Chapter 17. Psychotic Disorders Due to Medical Illnesses
Brown, H. E., Mukerji, S., & Freudenreich, O. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg17
Chapter 10. Gastroenterological Disease in Patients With Psychiatric Disorders
Nadkarni, A., & Silbersweig, D. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg10
(2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.index
Chapter 16. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Hauptman, A. J., & Benjamin, S. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg16
Chapter 18. Catatonia in the Medically Ill Patient
Beach, S. R., & Fricchione, G. L. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg18
Chapter 12. Neurological Conditions and Their Psychiatric Manifestations
Fogel, B. S., Baslet, G. C., Safar, L. T., Raynor, G., & Silbersweig, D. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg12
Chapter 20. Anxiety and Related Disorders: Manifestations in the General Medical Setting
Hebert, C. L., Banayan, D. J., Forcén, F. E., Perticone, K., Guttikonda, S., & Pollack, M. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg20
Chapter 13. Cancer: Psychiatric Care of the Oncology Patient
Fernandez-Robles, C. G., & Glass, S. P. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg13
Chapter 19. Mood Disorders Due to Medical Illnesses
Mauer, S., Querques, J., & D, P. S. M. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg19
(2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.fm01
Chapter 15. Women’s Mental Health and Reproductive Psychiatry
Almeida, M., Brown, K. M., Mittal, L. P., Nathan, M., & Joffe, H. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg15
Chapter 8. Inflammatory Diseases and Their Psychiatric Manifestations
Gonzalez, R. L., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg08
Chapter 14. Dermatology: Psychiatric Considerations in the Medical Setting
Taylor, K. A., Gordon-Elliott, J. S., & Muskin, P. R. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg14
Chapter 9. Infectious Diseases and Their Psychiatric Manifestations
Freudenreich, O., Donnelly-Boylen, K. M., & Gandhi, R. T. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg09
Chapter 21. Substance Use Disorders in the Medical Setting
Sharma, S., Haddad, S. E., & Suzuki, J. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg21
Chapter 5. Toxicological Exposures and Nutritional Deficiencies in the Psychiatric Patient
Zein, M., Khan, S., Legha, J. K., & Wasserman, L. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg05
Chapter 11. Renal Disease in Patients With Psychiatric Illness
Chan, L., & Bostwick, J. M. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg11
Majör Depresif Bozukluk ve Omega 3 Yağ Asitleri
Pehlivan, M., & Denkçi, N. (2025) · Balkan Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.61830/balkansbd.1591747
Pemma, S. S. K., Chunchu, V. A., Pathan, M. S., Walters, B., Singh, N. P., & Anamika, F. (2025) · Turkish Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.46310/tjim.1515390
Faller, T. N., & Desjardins, M. R. (2025) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2025.06.022
ANXIETY DISORDERS IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE PATIENTS: NARRATIVE REVIEW
Leśniewska, A., Macuk, P., Sójkowska-Sławińska, O., Gniedziejko, M., Roszak, J., Bernecka, P., Żegleń, B., Gradek, A., Skorupski, B. M., & Tarnowska, J. A. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(47).2025.3539
Leveraging Large Language Models and Patient Portal Messages for Early Identification of DepressionPreprint
Kim, J., Torous, J. B., Adler‐Milstein, J., van Roessel, P., Rodríguez, F., Sharp, C., Pfeffer, M. A., Chen, J. H., Ma, S. P., Rodríguez, C. I., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.25333781 · Cited by 1
Association between depression and activity of daily living with risk of cardiovascular disease
Hu, X., Dai, F., Zhao, M., Wang, B., Wang, X., & Zheng, X. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00956-1
Depression as a Modifier of Chest Pain Localization in Coronary Artery Disease
Patel, S. K., Sherbini, A. E., Latter, D. A., Anderson, T. J., & Verma, S. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2025.10.022
Gudonytė, J., Žukauskaitė, I., & Norkus, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-26281-w
Kangethe, A., Lawrence, D. F. E., Touya, M., Chrones, L., Polson, M., & Evangelatos, T. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15128144
Placing Disease and Mental Health in Context
Rajendram, R., Patel, V. B., & Preedy, V. R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73363-5_1
IJzerman, R. V. H., van der Vaart, R., Breeman, L. D., van den Broek, I., Dusseldorp, E., Kraaijenhagen, R. A., Reijnders, T., Evers, A. W. M., Reimer, W. J. M. S. O., & Janssen, V. R. (2026) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.70056
Sara, J., Breitinger, S. A., Lilach, O., Lerman, A., Rajai, N., & Medina‐Inojosa, B. J. (2026) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.045020
Psychosocial burden of cardiac patients: a retrospective in-patient analysis
von Westerholt, K., Xynogalos, P., Frey, N., Friederich, H., Schultz, J.-H., & Bruns, B. (2026) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-026-05761-5
Ahmad, I., Younas, A., Inayat, S., & Durante, Á. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.70298
Shojaei, Y., Roohafza, H., Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K., Soleimani, A., Yazdekhasti, S., Sadri, M. A., & Sadeghi, M. (2026) · International Journal of Cardiology Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.ijcrp.2026.200656
Jiang, Z. H. E. N. G. M., Zhou, H., Liu, Y., Yin, H., Zhu, J., Xiong, X., Chang, J., Wang, R., & Ma, H. (2026) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-026-06103-1
Post myocardial infarction depression heightens long term mortality
Rad, P. S., & Sohrabi, H. (2026) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-026-00788-3
Mental health symptoms following a pregnancy complicated by cardiovascular disease: scoping review
Becene, I. A., Vartany, S., Grimshaw, A., & Jasani, S. (2026) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2026.12051
Keleş, F., Yıldırım, A., BİLGİÇ, A. R., Parmak, M. G., Taş, A., Çelık, M., Ateş, M. S., & Sökmen, E. (2026) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina62081440
Lim, Y., & Kwon, R. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1934597
Abid, H., Memon, S., Das, V., Hamid, T., Fatima, K., Mukhlis, M., Vazaym, M., & Khiani, R. K. (2026) · American Heart Journal Plus Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2026.100936
Naseri, M., Biglari, P., Foroughi, A., Montazeri, N., & Ahmadrad, F. (2026) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-168536
Metadata
- Authors
- Huffman, J. C., Celano, C. M., Beach, S. R., Motiwala, S. R., & Januzzi, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Huffman, Jeff C.
- Venue
- Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-04-07
- Volume
- 2013
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 2090-0163 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-0171
- PMC
- PMC3638710
- OpenAlex
- W2160660885
- Cited by
- 445
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 19.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL113272)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- depression, cardiovascular disease, comorbidities, depression screening, Patient Health Questionnaire, endothelial dysfunction, platelet abnormalities, inflammation, autonomic dysfunction, health behavior, cardiac outcomes, mortality, quality of life, risk factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
