The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Clinical and Biochemical Manifestations of Depression: Relation to the Neurobiology of Stress
Open accessAbstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic, recurrent, and severe psychiatric disorder with high mortality and medical comorbidities. Stress-related pathways have been directly involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of MDD. The present paper provides an overview on the stress system as a model to understand key pathophysiological paradigms in MDD. These mechanisms involve behavioral, cognitive, and systemic manifestations and are also associated with the mechanisms of action of effective antidepressants. Aspects such as depression subtypes, inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and prothrombotic states in critical brain circuits and periphery are critically appraised. Finally, new strategies for approaching treatment-resistant major depression and potential adverse effects associated with this complex and intricate network are highlighted. The authors used PubMed as the database for this review. Each author extracted relevant data and assessed the methodological quality of each study.
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“Hypercortisolism is one of the relevant mechanisms involved in response to stress and is present in many people with MDD and in animals subjected to stress in the laboratory.”
From Stress and serum cortisol levels in major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional study (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Chronic stress throughout life involves several biological changes, which are underlying MDD in many patients and in laboratory animals [4],[6],[9].”
From Stress and serum cortisol levels in major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional study (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Insulin resistance and inflammation can cause anxiety [47]”
From The Effect of Anxiety and Nutritional Habits on the Body Distortion of Athletes. (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
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“Experiential avoidance seeks to control the way or frequency of aversive private experiences [37] and has been associated with anxiety [38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54].”
From The Effect of Anxiety and Nutritional Habits on the Body Distortion of Athletes. (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
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Cites
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
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Duman, R. S., & Monteggia, L. M. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.013 · Cited by 3,375
The molecular neurobiology of depression
Krishnan, V., & Nestler, E. J. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07455 · Cited by 2,889
Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders
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The Concepts of Stress and Stress System Disorders: Overview of Physical and Behavioral Homeostasis
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Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 1994, British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 16
- 10.1038/sj/mp/4001032 · DOI
- 10.1001/jama.267.9.1244 · DOI · Paper page
- 1992, Emotion and the amygdala, 339
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The Link between Depression and Chronic Pain: Neural Mechanisms in the Brain
Sheng, J., Shui, L., Wang, Y., Cui, R., & Zhang, X. (2017) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2017/9724371 · Cited by 852
The organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in depressive illness
Gold, P. W. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.163 · Cited by 654
Organization of the Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine System
Schwarz, L. A., & Luo, L. (2015) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.039 · Cited by 578
The Rodent Forced Swim Test Measures Stress-Coping Strategy, Not Depression-like Behavior
Commons, K. G., Cholanians, A. B., Babb, J. A., & Ehlinger, D. G. (2017) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00042 · Cited by 525
Beck, A. T., & Bredemeier, K. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616628523 · Cited by 510
Metadata
- Authors
- Gold, P. W., Machado-Vieira, R., & Pavlatou, M. G.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Corresponding author
- Gold, Phillip W.
- ORCID
- Pavlatou, Maria G.
- Venue
- Neural Plasticity
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 2015
- Pages
- 1-11
- ISSN
- 1687-5443 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-5904
- PMC
- PMC4387963
- OpenAlex
- W2055457894
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neural Plasticity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, stress system, neurobiology of stress, depression pathophysiology, antidepressant mechanism, depression subtypes, inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, hypercoagulability, treatment-resistant depression, antidepressant side effects
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Depressive Disorder, Homeostasis, Humans, Inflammation, Neuronal Plasticity, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Oxidative Stress, Neurogenesis
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