The Rodent Forced Swim Test Measures Stress-Coping Strategy, Not Depression-like Behavior
Open accessAbstract
The forced swim test (FST) measures coping strategy to an acute inescapable stress and thus provides unique insight into the neural limb of the stress response. Stress, particularly chronic stress, is a contributing factor to depression in humans and depression is associated with altered response to stress. In addition, drugs that are effective antidepressants in humans typically promote active coping strategy in the FST. As a consequence, passive coping in the FST has become loosely equated with depression and is often referred to as "depression-like" behavior. This terminology oversimplifies complex biology and misrepresents both the utility and limitations of the FST. The FST provides little construct- or face-validity to support an interpretation as "depression-like" behavior. While stress coping and the FST are arguably relevant to depression, there are likely many factors that can influence stress coping strategy. Importantly, there are other neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by altered responses to stress and difficulty in adapting to change. One of these is autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and several mouse genetic models of ASD exhibit altered stress-coping strategies in the FST. Here we review evidence that argues a more thoughtful consideration of the FST, and more precise terminology, would benefit the study of stress and disorders characterized by altered response to stress, which include but are not limited to depression.
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Alternative accounts suggest that the forced swim test and tail suspension test measure adaptive learned responses to acute stress and reflect a natural shift from active to passive coping strategies, distinct from behavioral despair.
“Alternative accounts suggest instead that these tests measure adaptive learned responses to acute stress and reflect a natural shift from active to passive coping strategies [53,54] as distinct from behavioral despair.”
From Prefrontal cortex and depression (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
The Introduction describes the forced swim test’s normal shift from active to passive coping as potentially adaptive rather than a coping failure, and says the tail suspension test likewise measures active or passive coping rather than depression-like behavior directly (page not available). It does not establish that the responses measured by both tests are learned, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Commons, K. G., Cholanians, A. B., Babb, J. A., & Ehlinger, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Commons, Kathryn G.
- Venue
- ACS Chemical Neuroscience
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2017-03-22
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 955-960
- ISSN
- 1948-7193 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5518600
- OpenAlex
- W2596798372
- Cited by
- 525
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 11
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- ACS Chemical Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD036379)
- Brain and Behavior Research Foundation
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA021801)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH108247)
- Sara Page Mayo Foundation for Pediatric Pain Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- forced swim test, stress coping, depression-like behavior, passive coping, inescapable stress, chronic stress, antidepressants, autism spectrum disorder, mouse models of autism, stress response, behavioral validity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Depression, Disease Models, Animal, Stress, Psychological, Swimming, Mice, Rats
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