Waist-to-Hip Ratio, but Not Body Mass Index, Is Associated with Testosterone and Estradiol Concentrations in Young Women

“Socially, they are dominant persons [43], are usually involved in long-term relationships [44], and achieve greater occupational reputation [45].”

“Women with the highest levels of both hormones had the lowest WHRs, while women with low estradiol and high testosterone showed the highest WHRs. BMI significantly increased as testosterone increased in female in their nonfertile days.”

“Concerning sexuality, women with high androgen levels experience more orgasms [38], report more satisfactory orgasmic experiences [39], have greater well-being [40], tend to be promiscuous [41], and exhibit increased attraction to masculine faces in the late follicular days [42].”

“Considering that in women estrogens promote fat accumulation in hips, buttocks, thighs, and bosom [19, 20], while androgens promote fat accumulation in the abdomen, leading to weight increase [34, 35], we expected that the lowestWHRswould be associatedwith high levels of estradiol, while both highWHRs and BMIs would b…”

“Participants were asked to present at the lab between 0900 and 1100 h when testosterone levels are high [47, 48], to be measured and provide a 6mL saliva sample (collected in sterile polypropylene vials) for hormonal assessment, and inform if they had or not passed their fertile days.”

“Women with low estrone-3-glucuronide (the main metabolite of estradiol) levels exhibit stronger ovulatory shifts in preferences for masculine male voices during the late follicular phase and feminine male voices during the luteal phase than do women with high estrone-3-glucuronide levels [21].”

“Socially, they are dominant persons [43], are usually involved in long-term relationships [44], and achieve greater occupational reputation [45].”

“Women with the highest levels of both hormones had the lowest WHRs, while women with low estradiol and high testosterone showed the highest WHRs. BMI significantly increased as testosterone increased in female in their nonfertile days.”

“In women, testosterone decreases monotonically with age, and by 40 women have around half the testosterone concentrations they had by the age of 20 [40].”

“are positively correlated with women’s estradiol concentrations and the testosterone concentrations of the pictured men [23].”

“[36] reported a positive correlation between mean bioavailable testosterone levels and female WHR.”

“…Tlalpan, 14000 Mexico, DF, Mexico Correspondence should be addressed to Leonor Estela Hernández-López; lhl@imp.edu.mx Received 10 October 2014; Revised 31 December 2014; Accepted 19 February 2015 Academic Editor: Bagher Larijani Copyright © 2015 Ricardo Mondragón-Ceballos et al. This is an…”

“However, high levels of the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone and of sex-hormone binding globulin [35, 50] that inhibit fat accumulation in the abdomen might also contribute to reducing the waist.”

“Concerning female sexuality, estradiol is positively correlated with overall sexual desire and the Sensory Dimension [30] of the Orgasm Checklist [31].”

“Women with the highest levels of both hormones had the lowest WHRs, while women with low estradiol and high testosterone showed the highest WHRs. BMI significantly increased as testosterone increased in female in their nonfertile days.”

“…14000 Mexico, DF, Mexico Correspondence should be addressed to Leonor Estela Hernández-López; lhl@imp.edu.mx Received 10 October 2014; Revised 31 December 2014; Accepted 19 February 2015 Academic Editor: Bagher Larijani Copyright © 2015 Ricardo Mondragón-Ceballos et al. This is an open…”

“Women with the highest levels of both hormones had the lowest WHRs, while women with low estradiol and high testosterone showed the highest WHRs. BMI significantly increased as testosterone increased in female in their nonfertile days.”

“It is known that as WHR and BMI increase, there is a higher risk of incurring into a variety of diseases, ranging from hypertension to diabetes, cancer, fertility problems, and depression [1, 4–6].”

“Women with the highest levels of both hormones had the lowest WHRs, while women with low estradiol and high testosterone showed the highest WHRs. BMI significantly increased as testosterone increased in female in their nonfertile days.”

“As entrepreneurs they exhibit less risk aversion in auction games [24], exhibit increased risk seeking for losses, and are more verbally aggressive [16].”

“Women having high estradiol concentrations throughout the late follicular phase experience more jealous feelings to imagined partner’s sexual infidelity andmore anger than hurt to imagined partner’s emotional infidelity [32, 33].”

“Participants were asked to present at the lab between 0900 and 1100 h when testosterone levels are high [47, 48], to be measured and provide a 6mL saliva sample (collected in sterile polypropylene vials) for hormonal assessment, and inform if they had or not passed their fertile days.”

“…14000 Mexico, DF, Mexico Correspondence should be addressed to Leonor Estela Hernández-López; lhl@imp.edu.mx Received 10 October 2014; Revised 31 December 2014; Accepted 19 February 2015 Academic Editor: Bagher Larijani Copyright © 2015 Ricardo Mondragón-Ceballos et al. This is an open access…”

“Women with the highest levels of both hormones had the lowest WHRs, while women with low estradiol and high testosterone showed the highest WHRs. BMI significantly increased as testosterone increased in female in their nonfertile days.”

“High estradiol concentrations are associated with low levels of attachment avoidance and high levels of intimacy motivation, two personality traits involved in looking for and maintaining emotional intimacy [28].”

“On the other hand, besides high avoidance attachment and high attachment anxiety, women with low basal estradiol levels show an attenuated estradiol response to viewing emotional, nonsexual, and intimacy scenes, such as daughter-father interactions [29].”

“Socially, they are dominant persons [43], are usually involved in long-term relationships [44], and achieve greater occupational reputation [45].”

“Third, Ricardo et al. [45] reported that the effect of testosterone on WHR appears to be opposite to that of estradiol.”

“Numerous studies, indeed, have shown that a female body is strongly defined by the WHR, since it appears to be related to objective gender-specific qualities such as the levels of sex hormones (e.g., estradiol; De Ridder et al., 1990; Mondragón-Ceballos et al., 2015), the accessibility to fat resources suitable for fe…”

“The waist-to-hip ratio also corresponds to the hormone levels [Hughes et al. [n. d.]; Mondragón-Ceballos et al. 2015] that influence the vocal tract and voice qualities [Pawelec et al. 2020].”

“Studies have shown that higher estradiol levels are inversely associated with abdominal obesity in women 19,20 .”

“…adiposity (Han et al., 2016) and sex steroid levels (DeBruine, 2014; Kirchengast & Gartner, 2002; Jasien ́ ska et al., 2004; Law Smith et al., 2006; Mondragón-Ceballos et al., 2015) have been shown to contribute to the level of a woman ’ s morphological femininity we controlled for these…”

“It has also been found that WHR correlates with oestrogen and testosterone concentrations in women and men (Singh, 1993; Mondragón-Ceballos et al., 2015).”

“However, Mondragón-Ceballos et al. (2015) found that women with the lowest WHRs had high levels of both testosterone and oestradiol, but this was only the case for women in the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle.”

“As adult body adiposity [22] and sex steroid levels [14, 34, 45] have been shown to contribute to the level of a woman’s morphological femininity, and also previous studies suggests that the level of morphological femininity may fluctuate following short time changes in estradiol level [45, 40, 54]; although see also…”

“Moreover, the WHR, rather than the BMI, was found to be associated with testosterone and estradiol levels in young women.(36) There are several limitations to this systematic review and meta-analysis.”

“-Hormonal levels, such as estradiol concentrations regulate fat accumulation in waist, hip, bust, and height (Alison et al., 2005; Mondragón-Ceballos et al., 2015; Pedersen et al, 2004).”

“In addition, conicity index is a better predictor of BP and insulin levels in healthy premenopausal women [49], whereas waist-to-hip ratio correlates well with estradiol concentrations in young women [50].”