Mutation-selective tumor remission with Ras-targeted, whole yeast-based immunotherapy
Abstract
Activating mutations in Ras oncoproteins represent attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy, but few vectors capable of generating immune responses required for tumor killing without vector neutralization have been described. Whole recombinant yeast heterologously expressing mammalian mutant Ras proteins were used to immunize mice in a carcinogen-induced lung tumor model. Therapeutic immunization with the whole recombinant yeast caused complete regression of established Ras mutation-bearing lung tumors in a dose-dependent, antigen-specific manner. In combination with the genomic sequencing of tumors in patients, the yeast-based immunotherapeutic approach could be applied to treat Ras mutation-bearing human cancers.
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GI-4000 has been shown in preclinical models to induce tumor reductions.
“The GI-4000 series is composed of four heat-inactivated recombinant S. cerevisiae yeast strains, which have been shown in preclinical models to induce tumor reductions [81,82].”
From The Role of KRAS Mutations in Colorectal Cancer: Biological Insights, Clinical Implications, and Future Therapeutic Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [81]
The GI-4000 series is composed of four heat-inactivated recombinant S. cerevisiae yeast strains.
“The GI-4000 series is composed of four heat-inactivated recombinant S. cerevisiae yeast strains, which have been shown in preclinical models to induce tumor reductions [81,82].”
From The Role of KRAS Mutations in Colorectal Cancer: Biological Insights, Clinical Implications, and Future Therapeutic Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [81]
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- Authors
- Lu, Y., Bellgrau, D., Dwyer-Nield, L. D., Malkinson, A. M., Duke, R. C., Rodell, T. C., & Franzusoff, A.
- Affiliations
- GlobeImmune (United States) (US)
- University of Colorado Health (US)
- 3School of Pharmacy, and
- University of Colorado Cancer Center (US)
- Venue
- Cancer Research
- Published
- 2004-08-01
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 5084-5088
- ISSN
- 0008-5472 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-7445
- OpenAlex
- W2124601689
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cancer Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Center, University of Colorado
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA033497, CA-33497, R01CA096133, CA96133)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058722, DK58722)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Cancer Research and Treatments
- Keywords
- tumor remission, cancer immunotherapy, antigen-specific immune response, lung cancer, carcinogen-induced tumors
- MeSH terms
- Adenoma, Animals, DNA, Neoplasm, Humans, Immunotherapy, Lung Neoplasms, Male, Mice, Inbred Strains, Mutation, Neoplasms, Experimental, Recombinant Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Urethane, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras), Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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