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Chemokine Expression in Melanoma Metastases Associated with CD8+ T-Cell Recruitment
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Abstract
Despite the frequent detection of circulating tumor antigen-specific T cells, either spontaneously or following active immunization or adoptive transfer, immune-mediated cancer regression occurs only in the minority of patients. One theoretical rate-limiting step is whether effector T cells successfully migrate into metastatic tumor sites. Affymetrix gene expression profiling done on a series of metastatic melanoma biopsies revealed a major segregation of samples based on the presence or absence of T-cell-associated transcripts. The presence of lymphocytes correlated with the expression of defined chemokine genes. A subset of six chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10) was confirmed by protein array and/or quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to be preferentially expressed in tumors that contained T cells. Corresponding chemokine receptors were found to be up-regulated on human CD8(+) effector T cells, and transwell migration assays confirmed the ability of each of these chemokines to promote migration of CD8(+) effector cells in vitro. Screening by chemokine protein array identified a subset of melanoma cell lines that produced a similar broad array of chemokines. These melanoma cells more effectively recruited human CD8(+) effector T cells when implanted as xenografts in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice in vivo. Chemokine blockade with specific antibodies inhibited migration of CD8(+) T cells. Our results suggest that lack of critical chemokines in a subset of melanoma metastases may limit the migration of activated T cells, which in turn could limit the effectiveness of antitumor immunity.
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“Tumors from patients showing sustained treatment response predominately demonstrate a T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment prior to, or early on, treatment.”
From Reimagining IDO Pathway Inhibition in Cancer Immunotherapy via Downstream Focus on the Tryptophan–Kynurenine–Aryl Hydrocarbon Axis (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
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“Tumor analysis from patients with metastatic melanoma receiving vaccine and cytokine therapies suggested a paradigm of two broad phenotypes characterized by the presence or absence a T cell-inflamed tumor.”
From Reimagining IDO Pathway Inhibition in Cancer Immunotherapy via Downstream Focus on the Tryptophan–Kynurenine–Aryl Hydrocarbon Axis (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
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“an effector population shown to be a target of downstream STING signaling involving the IFN-β-CXCL9/10 axis.54–58”
From Functional tumor cell-intrinsic STING, not host STING, drives local and systemic antitumor immunity and therapy efficacy following cryoablation (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
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“A higher expression of CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL9 and CXCL10 transcripts was associated with more CD8 + T cell recruitment into melanoma metastases [5].”
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Fiorentini, C., Grisanti, S., Cosentini, D., Abate, A., Rossini, E., Berruti, A., & Sigala, S. (2019) · Journal of Oncology · doi:10.1155/2019/6072863 · Cited by 45
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“studies, the CCL3 and CCL20 have shown the ability of attracting CCR5CCR6CD8 T cells into the cancer microenvironment.(27,28) Combined with the above investigation that RUNX3 was significantly related to T cells, especially cytotoxic T lymphocytes, it was of note that T cells might be recruited into lung adenocarcinom…”
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“found that CCL5 produced by melanoma cells helped chemokine recruitment of CD8 effector T cells (26).”
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NCOA3 impairs the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy via HSP90α/EZH2/CXCL9 axis in colon cancer
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Reprogramming Immune Cells for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy: Targets and Strategies
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“It is demonstrated that persistence and intratumoral accumulation of CAR-T is inevitably limited after adoptive transfer especially in the liver, lung, and spleen (59).”
BackgroundPreconditioning thermal therapy: Flipping the switch on IL-6 for anti-tumour immunity
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“In melanoma, the chemokines CCL2, 3, 4, and 5 as well as CXCL9 and 10 were reported to induce effective T cell migration into the tumor microenvironment [39].”
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Augmenting the synergies of chemotherapy and immunotherapy through drug delivery
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“There must also be a match between chemokine receptors on the CAR principally CXCR3 and CCR5, and chemokines expressed by the tumors [73].”
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“Cytokines are important regulators of host immune activity that promote the recruitment of immune cells into the tumor microenvironment (19) and may also serve as potential biomarkers.”
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“Of much interest is the recent report that an interferon response gene expression signature in human melanoma lesions prior to treatment with a polypeptide vaccine nicely correlated with clinical responses.(59) In a manner, we are exaggerating this situation with our combination strategy involving acute intralesional…”
BackgroundEndogenous and pharmacologic targeting of the STING pathway in cancer immunotherapy
Corrales, L. P., & Gajewski, T. F. (2015) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2015.08.258 · Cited by 42
“Analysis of human tumors that do show spontaneous T cell infiltration revealed that CD8+ T cell infiltration was associated with a type I IFN transcriptional signature (3).”
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“The same correlation matrix was re-calculated for four distinct melanoma cohorts denoted ‘Harlin’, ‘Bogunovic’, ‘RikerMel’, ‘Talantov’ according to the names of the authors describing them [20], [21], [22], [23].”
BackgroundTumor stroma and chemokines control T-cell migration into melanoma following Temozolomide treatment
Tan, K. W., Evrard, M., Tham, M., Hong, M. L. W., Huang, C. W., Kato, M., Prévost‐Blondel, A., Donnadieu, E., Ng, L. G., & Abastado, J. (2015) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.4161/2162402x.2014.978709 · Cited by 43
“Human and murine studies have shown that intratumoral expression of chemokines, including chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligands (CXCL)-9 and CXCL10, correlates with the presence of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in melanoma lesions.(8,9) Therefore, identifying approaches to promote T-cell migration into tumors to impr…”
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“For example, in melanoma, the upregulation of chemokine genes, such as Ccl2, Ccl3, Ccl4, Ccl5, Cxcl9, and Cxcl10, in the tumor microenvironment correlates with the influx of activated T cells into the tumor supporting the antitumor immune response (60).”
BackgroundIL-32γ potentiates tumor immunity in melanoma
Gruber, T., Kremenovic, M., Sadozai, H., Rombini, N., Bäriswyl, L., Maibach, F., Modlin, R. L., Gilliet, M. F., von Werdt, D., Hunger, R. E., et al. (2020) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.138772 · Cited by 41
“In melanoma, CD8 + T cell infiltration correlates with the expression of several chemokines, including the CCR5 ligands, CCL4 and CCL5, as well as the CXCR3 ligands, CXCL9 and CXCL10 (31).”
Galectins as pivotal components in oncogenesis and immune exclusion in human malignancies
Kapetanakis, N.-I., & Busson, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145268 · Cited by 44
“This prevents the creation of a CXCL9/CXCL10/CXCL11 chemokine gradient downstream of an IFNg signal, which is essential for the recruitment of primed T cells (117).”
BackgroundDiscrimination of agonist and antagonist forms of CXCL10 in biological samples
Casrouge, A., Bisiaux, A., Stephen, L. F., Schmolz, M., Mapes, J. P., Pfister, C., Pol, S., Mallet, V. O., & Albert, M. L. (2011) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04488.x · Cited by 40
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“Recent research has indicated that recruitment of CTL into tumours is associated with expression of a defined set of chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9 and CXCL10) [81]; increased tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were seen in metastatic melanomas that expressed these chemokines.”
BackgroundIdorn, M., Olsen, M., Halldórsdóttir, H. R., Skadborg, S. K., Pedersen, M., Høgdall, C. K., Høgdall, E. V. S., Met, Ö., & Straten, P. T. (2017) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2017.1412029 · Cited by 40
Adoptive Cell Therapy: A Novel and Potential Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma
Wang, J., Shen, F., Yao, Y., Wang, L., Zhu, Y.-J., & Hu, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.00059 · Cited by 40
“However, in a phase 3 clinical trial (NCT02017717), patients with recurrent GBM received nivolumab (anti-PD1 immunotherapy) showed no notably difference in overall survival (OS) compared with another group who treated with bevacizumab (an anti-VEGF therapy) (13).”
BackgroundSantegoets, S. J. A. M., Duurland, C. L., Jordanova, E. J., van Ham, V. J., Ehsan, I., Loof, N. M., Narang, V., Dutertre, C., Ginhoux, F., van Egmond, S. L., et al. (2020) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2020-001053 · Cited by 40
Sun, M., Gu, P., Yang, Y., Yu, L., Jiang, Z., Li, J., Le, Y., Chen, Y., Ba, Q., & Wang, H. (2021) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2021-002508 · Cited by 41
“Our findings provide rationale and preclinical evidence for the potential application of basic and enhanced functional MSNs in cancer immunotherapy.”
Anichini, A., Molla, A., Vegetti, C., Bersani, I., Zappasodi, R., Arienti, F., Ravagnani, F., Maurichi, A., Patuzzo, R., Santinami, M., et al. (2010) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2028 · Cited by 40
“Moreover, recent studies have indicated that presence of T lymphocytes in melanoma metastases correlates with expression, in neoplastic cells, of several chemokine genes, including those encoding CXCL9 and CXCL10, two CXCR3 ligands (45).”
Fan, H., Liu, W., Zeng, Y., Zhou, Y., Gao, M., Yang, L., Liu, H., Shi, Y., Li, L., Ma, J., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05412-x · Cited by 39
“The interferon pathway plays a crucial role in anti-tumor responses by increasing in fi ltration and activation of immune cells, such as T cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells 18,19 .”
TLR2/6 agonists and interferon-gamma induce human melanoma cells to produce CXCL10
Mauldin, I. S., Wang, E., Deacon, D. H., Olson, W. C., Bao, Y., & Slingluff, C. L. (2015) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.29515 · Cited by 39
Molecular profiling of primary uveal melanomas with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
Triozzi, P. L., Schoenfield, L. R., Plesec, T. P., Saunthararajah, Y., Tubbs, R. R., & Singh, A. D. (2014) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.4161/21624011.2014.947169 · Cited by 39
“In cutaneous melanoma, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10 have been found to be preferentially expressed in tumors that contained T cells.(18) A variety of chemokine receptors are also purportedly expressed by melanoma cells.”
BackgroundMalignant melanoma—The cradle of anti-neoplastic immunotherapy
Koller, K. M., Wang, W., Schell, T. D., Cozza, E. M., Kokolus, K. M., Neves, R. I., Mackley, H. B., Pameijer, C. R., Leung, A. M., Anderson, B. E., et al. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.04.010 · Cited by 40
“Harlin and colleagues addressed this issue using gene expression profiling on a series of metastatic melanoma tissues and found that tumors clustered into groups based on the presence or absence of TILs [139].”
BackgroundKo, J. S. (2017) · Clinics in Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cll.2017.06.001 · Cited by 39
Lysis-independent potentiation of immune checkpoint blockade by oncolytic virus
Oseledchyk, A., Ricca, J. M., Gigoux, M., Ko, B., Redelman‐Sidi, G., Walther, T., Liu, C., Iyer, G., Merghoub, T., Wolchok, J. D., et al. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.25614 · Cited by 39
“Given the known key role of the type I IFN pathway in antigen presentation by CD8+ dendritic cells (DCs) [32–34], as well as association of chemokines with tumor T cell infiltration [35], we proceeded to evaluate whether”
Snook, J. P., Soedel, A. J., Ekiz, H. A., O’Connell, R. M., & Williams, M. A. (2020) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0690 · Cited by 41
“TCR affinity for tumor antigen correlated with surface expression of CXCR3, a chemokine receptor expressed by activated TILs in melanoma (44).”
BackgroundDendritic Cells: Behind the Scenes of T-Cell Infiltration into the Tumor Microenvironment
Lucarini, V., Melaiu, O., Tempora, P., D’Amico, S., Locatelli, F., & Fruci, D. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13030433 · Cited by 43
Sha, Y., Liu, Y., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Gong, B., Jin, Y., Qu, T.-Y., Xia, F.-T., Han, L., & Zhao, Q. (2022) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-022-02523-x · Cited by 39
Dubinett, S. M., Lee, J. M., Sharma, S. P., & Mulé, J. J. (2010) · The Cancer Journal · doi:10.1097/ppo.0b013e3181eb33bc · Cited by 39
Yang, J., Yan, Y., Ma, C., Kang, T., Zhang, N., Gran, B., Xu, H., Li, K., Ćirić, B., Zangaladze, A., et al. (2012) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-012-0989-1 · Cited by 38
“Concentrations of these chemokines were chosen based on previous reports [14, 25], and cells that migrated into the lower well were stained with Diff-Quik dye (blue) and counted [14, 25].”
MethodMauldin, I. S., Wages, N. A., Stowman, A. M., Wang, E., Olson, W. C., Deacon, D. H., Smith, K. T., Galeassi, N., Teague, J. E., Smolkin, M. E., et al. (2016) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-016-1880-z · Cited by 38
“The CCL5 gene was upregulated after imiquimod treatment, which may support recruitment of cytotoxic cells and other T cells [6].”
Review of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in melanoma
Ankeny, J. S., Labadie, B. W., Luke, J. J., Hsueh, E. C., Messina, J. L., & Zager, J. S. (2018) · Clinical & Experimental Metastasis · doi:10.1007/s10585-018-9892-z · Cited by 39
“These inflammatory signatures have been shown to support the T-cell inflamed tumor microenvironment: a phenotype characterized by infiltrating CD8 effector T-cells and tumor reliance on immunosuppressive pathways for immune escape [67, 69].”
BackgroundStoll, G., Pol, J. G., Soumelis, V., Zitvogel, L., & Kroemer, G. (2018) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2018.1484980 · Cited by 38
Sun, W., Yang, J., Hou, M., Xie, S., Xiong, L., Li, B., & Zhang, C. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202009116 · Cited by 39
Shi, Y., Liu, X., Du, J., Zhang, D., Liu, J., Chen, M., Zhao, J., Zhong, W., Xu, Y., & Wang, M. (2021) · Thoracic Cancer · doi:10.1111/1759-7714.14248 · Cited by 38
“Cytokines are important regulators of host immune activity; they promote the recruitment of immune cells into the tumor microenvironment and may also serve as predictive biomarkers.(3) For instance, high pretreatment interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 has been reported as negative prognostic biomarker in patients receiving I…”
BackgroundCell Trafficking at the Intersection of the Tumor–Immune Compartments
Du, W., Nair, P. R., Johnston, A. C., Wu, P., & Wirtz, D. (2022) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110320-110749 · Cited by 38
“Ovarian cancer cells can epigenetically silence CCL5 (95), a known T cell chemoattractant (96-98).”
BackgroundMeng, Y., Mauceri, H. J., Khodarev, N. N., Darga, T. E., Pitroda, S. P., Beckett, M. A., Kufe, D. W., & Weichselbaum, R. R. (2010) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2010.18 · Cited by 39
Zeng, T., Yang, G., Lou, C., Wei, W., Tao, C., Chen, X.-Y., Han, Q., Cheng, Z., Shang, P.-P., Dong, Y., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37030-w · Cited by 39
Guirnalda, P. D., Wood, L. M., Goenka, R., Crespo, J., & Paterson, Y. Y. W. (2013) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.4161/onci.25752 · Cited by 37
The Emerging Role of CXC Chemokines And Their Receptors in Cancer
Vinader, V. M., & Afarinkia, K. (2012) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.12.48 · Cited by 38
Animal models for studying tumor microenvironment (TME) and resistance to lymphocytic infiltration
Yamaguchi, R., & Perkins, G. A. (2018) · Cancer Biology & Therapy · doi:10.1080/15384047.2018.1470722 · Cited by 37
“showed that chemokines were necessary for lymphocytes to exit the vasculature and enter tumors.(16)”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCrosstalk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells and the immune system in prostate cancer
Sanaei, M., Salimzadeh, L., & Bagheri, N. (2019) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.4ru0819-150rr · Cited by 37
TLR5 Ligand–Secreting T Cells Reshape the Tumor Microenvironment and Enhance Antitumor Activity
Geng, D., Kaczanowska, S., Tsai, A., Younger, K., Ochoa, A. C., Rapoport, A. P., Ostrand-Rosenberg, S., & Dávila, E. (2015) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2467 · Cited by 36
Development of a multifunctional envelope-type nano device and its application to nanomedicine
Sato, Y., Nakamura, T., Yamada, Y., & Harashima, H. (2016) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.042 · Cited by 37
Immune-Suppressing Cellular Elements of the Tumor Microenvironment
Fearon, D. T. (2016) · Annual Review of Cancer Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050216-034359 · Cited by 37
“In human melanoma, CXCL9 and CXCL10 were preferentially expressed in metastases containing infiltrating T cells (Harlin et al. 2009).”
BackgroundRegulation of CTL Infiltration Within the Tumor Microenvironment
Church, S., & Galon, J. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_3 · Cited by 36
A long way to the battlefront: CAR T cell therapy against solid cancers
Wang, Z., Chen, W., Zhang, X., Cai, Z., & Huang, W. (2019) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.30406 · Cited by 37
“The mismatch occurs quite frequently, with tumors secreting little chemokine or the CAR T cell has very small amount of chemokine receptors, resulting in little migration to the tumor site [23].”
BackgroundEffectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment of lung cancer: Brightness and challenge
Yang, Y., Yu, Y., & Lü, S. (2020) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-019-1622-5 · Cited by 37
Defining Immunogenic and Radioimmunogenic Tumors
Medler, T. R., Blair, T. C., Crittenden, M. R., & Gough, M. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.667075 · Cited by 38
Lok, E., Chung, A. S., Swanson, K. D., & Wong, E. T. (2014) · Melanoma Research · doi:10.1097/cmr.0000000000000045 · Cited by 38
Leveraging immunotherapy for the treatment of gynecologic cancers in the era of precision medicine
Zamarin, D., & Jazaeri, A. A. (2016) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.12.030 · Cited by 35
“Activated T cells then migrate to tumors through the systemic vasculature by following a chemokine gradient [5, 6] and extravasate through a series of interaction with adhesion molecules in the tumor endothelium [7].”
BackgroundAntitumor Antibodies Can Drive Therapeutic T Cell Responses
Wittrup, K. D. (2017) · Trends in cancer · doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2017.07.001 · Cited by 35
“The chemokines MIP1α (CCL3), MIP1β (CCL4), and RANTES (CCL5) that are increased intratumorally upon anti-TAA mAb treatment (Figure 2) are among a signature of six chemokines preferentially expressed in human metastatic melanoma biopsies infiltrated with T cells [21].”
BackgroundChemokines and the extracellular matrix: Set of targets for tumor development and treatment
Silva, P., Borges, B. C., Uehara, I. A., Soldi, L. R., de Araújo, R. A., & Silva, M. J. B. (2021) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155548 · Cited by 35
Reschke, R., Gussek, P., Boldt, A., Sack, U., Koehl, U., Lordick, F., Gora, T., Kreuz, M., Reiche, K., Simon, J., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22158017 · Cited by 38
“A major predictor of clinical benefit to antiPD-1 treatment is the presence of a T cell-inflamed gene expression profile in the tumor microenvironment [5,6].”
BackgroundThe Function of cGAS-STING Pathway in Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
Mohseni, G., Li, J., Gabriel, A. N. A., Du, L., Wang, Y., & Wang, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.781032 · Cited by 36
“STING Modulates Immune Responses The cGAS-STING pathway is also implicated in immune surveillance of tumors because type I IFNs can increase the infiltration of T cells and NK cells (78, 79).”
BackgroundNK Cell Anti-Tumor Surveillance in a Myeloid Cell-Shaped Environment
Russo, E., Laffranchi, M., Tomaipitinca, L., Prete, A. D., Santoni, A., Sozzani, S., & Bernardini, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.787116 · Cited by 36
Immune Cell Migration to Cancer
Ryan, A. T., Kim, M., & Lim, K. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13100844 · Cited by 35
Single-Cell View of Tumor Microenvironment Gradients in Pleural Mesothelioma
Giotti, B., Dolasia, K., Zhao, W., Cai, P., Sweeney, R. E., Merritt, E., Kiner, E., Kim, G. S., Bhagwat, A., Nguyen, T., et al. (2024) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0017 · Cited by 34
Metadata
- Authors
- Harlin, H., Meng, Y., Peterson, A. C., Zha, Y., Tretiakova, M., Slingluff, C., McKee, M., & Gajewski, T. F.
- Affiliations
- 1Department of Pathology,
- 2Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, and
- University of Virginia (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Cancer Research
- Published
- 2009-04-01
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3077-3085
- ISSN
- 0008-5472 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-7445
- PMC
- PMC3886718
- OpenAlex
- W2162222767
- Cited by
- 1,121
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 17.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cancer Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund
- University of Chicago
- National Cancer Institute (P01CA97296, R01 CA90575, R01CA090575, P01CA097296, P30CA044579)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Chemokine receptors and signaling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- melanoma metastasis, chemokines, CD8+ T cell recruitment, T cell migration, MCP-1, CCL3, carbon tetrachloride, RANTES, CXCL9, CXCL10, chemokine receptors, tumor immune microenvironment, chemokine blockade, antitumor immunity, melanoma cell lines, xenografts
- MeSH terms
- Cell Movement, Multigene Family, Humans, Melanoma, Gene Expression, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Chemokines, Protein Array Analysis, Cell Line, Tumor
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