Role of polymorphic human cytochrome P450 enzymes in estrone oxidation
Abstract
Estrogen and its metabolites are believed to play important roles in breast cancer. The influence of genetic polymorphisms in the enzymes responsible for formation and disposition of estrogen on breast cancer risk may shed light on the importance of estrogen metabolites in this disease. However, for such studies to be valid, it is important to correctly identify the enzymes involved in estrogen bioactivation. Therefore, we assessed the human cytochrome P450-dependent oxidation of estrone using substrate concentrations that more closely approximate the maximum expected concentrations in breast tissue. The in vitro metabolism of estrone by recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes and human liver microsomes was studied. The formation of estrone metabolites (2-hydroxyestrone, 4-hydroxyestrone, and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone) was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography. 2-Hydroxyestrone formation was catalyzed predominantly by CYP1A2, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1 enzymes; 4-hydroxyestrone formation was catalyzed predominantly by CYP1B1, CYP1A2, and CYP1A1 enzymes; and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone formation was catalyzed predominantly by CYP2C19, CYP1A1, and CYP3A5. This study confirms the important role of members of the CYP1 family in the 2-hydroxylation and 4-hydroxylation of estrone, but the enzymes identified as responsible for the 16alpha-hydroxylation of estrone are different from those previously identified. The relative importance of these enzymes in vivo would depend on the specific tissue expression of the enzymes. These enzymes are all known to be genetically variant in the human population, and additional studies to assess the role CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP3A5 in breast cancer risk are indicated.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
CYP3A4 is the major enzyme responsible for the 16α-hydroxylation of estrone in adults, though CYP1A1, CYP2C19 and CYP3A5 can also catalyze the reaction.
“CYP3A4 is the major enzyme responsible for the 16α-hydroxylation of estrone in adults, though CYP1A1, CYP2C19 and CYP3A5 can also catalyze the reaction [315,316].”
From Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: a comprehensive review (2019) · cites this paper as [316]
Cites
Shimada, T., Yamazaki, H., Mimura, M., Inui, Y., & Guengerich, F. P. (1994) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)22379-5 · Cited by 2,785 · cited 1× · see citing works
“When the relative intrinsic clearances of the various enzymes were corrected for the differing expression levels in the typical human liver (51, 52), the predicted contribution from CYP1A2 was eight times higher than other CYP enzymes (Table 5).”
BackgroundProduction and Actions of Estrogens
Gruber, C. J., Tschugguel, W., Schneeberger, C., & Huber, J. C. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra000471 · Cited by 1,063 · see citing works
Functional role of estrogen metabolism in target cells: review and perspectives
Zhu, B. T. (1998) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/19.1.1 · Cited by 964 · see citing works
Veronesi, U., Maisonneuve, P., Costa, A., Sacchini, V., MALTONI, C., Robertson, C. E., Rotmensz, N., & Boyle, P. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)85011-3 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Estrogen Carcinogenesis
Yager, J. D., & Leihr, J. G. (1996) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.36.040196.001223 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
17 beta-estradiol hydroxylation catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 1B1.
Hayes, C. L., Spink, D. C., Spink, B. C., Cao, J. Q., Walker, N. J., & Sutter, T. R. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.18.9776 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Lee, A. J., Cai, M. X., Thomas, P. E., Conney, A. H., & Zhu, B. T. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-0192 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
van Landeghem, A. A. J., Poortman, J., Nabuurs, M., & Thijssen, J. H. H. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 448 · see citing works
P450 enzymes of estrogen metabolism
Martucci, C. P., & Fishman, J. (1993) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/0163-7258(93)90057-k · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Rodrigues, A. D. (1999) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00268-8 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Carcinogenicity of catechol estrogens in Syrian hamsters
Liehr, J. G., Wan-Fen, F., Sirbasku, D. A., & Ari-Ulubelen, A. (1986) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0022-4731(86)90080-4 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Polymorphisms Associated With Circulating Sex Hormone Levels in Postmenopausal Women
Dunning, A. M., Dowsett, M., Healey, C. S., Tee, L. J., Luben, R., Folkerd, E. J., Novik, K. L., Kelemen, L., Ogata, S., Pharoah, P. D. P., et al. (2004) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djh167 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Chauret, N., Gauthier, A., & Nicoll‐Griffith, D. A. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Busby, W. F., Ackermann, J. M., & Crespi, C. L. (1999) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1016/s0090-9556(24)15284-1 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Free radical generation by redox cycling of estrogens
Liehr, J. G., & Roy, D. (1990) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(90)90108-u · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Catalytic properties of polymorphic human cytochrome P450 1B1 variants
Shimada, T. (1999) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/20.8.1607 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
TELANG, N. T., Suto, A., Wong, G. Y., Osborne, M. P., & Bradlow, H. L. (1992) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/84.8.634 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Abnormal oxidative metabolism of estradiol in women with breast cancer.
Schneider, J., Kinne, D. W., Fracchia, A. A., Pierce, V. K., Anderson, K. E., Bradlow, H. L., & Fishman, J. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.9.3047 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Estrogen and its metabolites are carcinogenic agents in human breast epithelial cells
Russo, J., Lareef, M. H., Balogh, G., Guo, S., & Russo, I. H. (2003) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00390-x · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Estrogen Metabolism and Excretion in Oriental and Caucasian Women
Adlercreutz, H., Gorbach, S. L., Goldin, B. R., Woods, M. N., Dwyer, J. T., & Hämäläinen, E. K. (1994) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/86.14.1076 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Molecular epidemiology of sporadic breast cancer
Mitrunen, K., & Hirvonen, A. (2003) · Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research · doi:10.1016/s1383-5742(03)00016-4 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Swaneck, G. E., & Fishman, J. H. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.21.7831 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Genotoxic effects of estrogens
Liehr, J. G. (1990) · Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0165-1110(90)90018-7 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Hickman, D., Wang, J. P., Wang, Y., & Unadkat, J. D. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Bailey, L., Roodi, N., Verrier, C. S., Yee, C. J., Dupont, W. D., & Parl, F. F. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Urinary estrogen metabolites and breast cancer: a case-control study.
Kabat, G. C., Chang, C., Sparano, J. A., Sepkovie, D. W., Hu, X. P., Khalil, A. I., Rosenblatt, R., & Bradlow, H. L. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Bradlow, H. L., Hershcopf, R. J., Martucci, C. P., & Fishman, J. (1985) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.82.18.6295 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
2-Hydroxyestrone: the 'good' estrogen
Bradlow, H. L., Telang, N., Sepkovic, D. W., & Osborne, M. P. (1996) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.150s259 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Badawi, A. F., Cavalieri, E. L., & Rogan, E. G. (2001) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2001.25592 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Yamazaki, H., Shaw, P. M., Guengerich, F. P., & Shimada, T. (1998) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx970217f · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Taioli, E., Trachman, J. D., Chen, X., Toniolo, P. G., & GARTE, S. J. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Do urinary oestrogen metabolites predict breast cancer? Guernsey III cohort follow-up
Meilahn, E. N., Stavola, B. L. D., Allen, D., Fentiman, I. S., Bradlow, H. L., Sepkovic, D. W., & Kuller, L. H. (1998) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1998.663 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Role of Quinoids in Estrogen Carcinogenesis
Bolton, J. L., Pisha, E., Zhang, F., & Qiu, S. (1998) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx9801007 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Cytochrome P-450-mediated redox cycling of estrogens.
Liehr, J. G., Ulubelen, A. A., & Strobel, H. W. (1986) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)75968-7 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Effects of 17 beta-estradiol metabolites on cell cycle events in MCF-7 cells.
Lottering, M.-L., Haag, M., & Seegers, J. C. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Role of human hepatic cytochrome P450 1A2 and 3A4 in the metabolic activation of estrone
Shou, M. (1997) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/18.1.207 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Liehr, J. G. (1997) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/00008469-199702000-00002 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
McFadyen, M. C. E., Breeman, S., Payne, S., Stirk, C. M., Miller, I. D., Melvin, W. T., & Murray, G. I. (1999) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/002215549904701111 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Aromatic Hydroxylation of Estrogens
Fishman, J. (1983) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.45.030183.000425 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes in human breast tumours and normal breast tissue
İşcan, M., Klaavuniemi, T., Çoban, T., Kapucuoğlu, N., Pelkonen, O., & Raunio, H. (2001) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1023/a:1012526406741 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Role of Estradiol Metabolism and CYP1A1 Polymorphisms in Breast Cancer Risk
Taioli, E., Bradlow, H. L., Garbers, S., Sepkovic, D. W., Osborne, M. P., Trachman, J. D., Ganguly, S., & GARTE, S. J. (1999) · Cancer Detection and Prevention · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1500.1999.09912.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
A Unifying Mechanism in the Initiation of Cancer and Other Diseases by Catechol Quinones
Cavalieri, E. L., & Rogan, E. G. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1322.029 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Association of CYP1B1 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk.
Vivo, I. D., Hankinson, S. E., Li, L. S. Y., Colditz, G. A., & Hunter, D. J. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Zumoff, B. (1998) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-217-44202 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Binding of 2-hydroxyestradiol and 4-hydroxyestradiol to estrogen receptors from human breast cancers
van Aswegen, C. H., Purdy, R. H., & Wittliff, J. L. (1989) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0022-4731(89)90380-4 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Lee, A. J., Kosh, J. W., Conney, A. H., & Zhu, B. T. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Kisselev, P., Schunck, W., Roots, I., & Schwarz, D. (2005) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3543 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Expression of glutathione S-transferases and cytochrome P450 in normal and tumor breast tissue
Forrester, L. M., Hayes, J. D., Millis, R. R., Barnes, D. M., Harris, A. L., Schlager, J. J., Powis, G., & Wolf, C. R. (1990) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/11.12.2163 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Cytochrome P450 1B1 gene polymorphisms and postmenopausal breast cancer risk
Rylander‐Rudqvist, T. (2003) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgg114 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Fowke, J. H., Dai, Q., Bradlow, H. L., Shu, X., Gao, Y.-T., Cheng, J.-R., Jin, F., & Zheng, W. (2002) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(02)00116-2 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Zhu, B. T., & Lee, A. J. (2005) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2005.01.002 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Vandewalle, B., & Lefèbvre, J. L. (1989) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0303-7207(89)90135-4 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Catecholestrogens are MCF-7 cell estrogen receptor agonists
Schütze, N., Vollmer, G., Tiemann, I., Geiger, M., & Knüppen, R. (1993) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(93)90319-r · Cited by 76 · see citing works
16Alpha-hydroxylation of estrone by human cytochrome P4503A4/5
Huang, Z. (1998) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/19.5.867 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Cytochrome p450 and glutathione transferase expression in human breast cancer.
El-Rayes, B. F., Ali, S. S., Heilbrun, L. K., Lababidi, S., Bouwman, D. L., Visscher, D., & Philip, P. A. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Modugno, F., Knoll, C. A., Kanbour‐Shakir, A., & Romkes, M. (2003) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1023/b:brea.0000004376.21491.44 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Saintot, M., MALAVEILLE, C., Hautefeuille, A. H., & Gerber, M. (2003) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.11432 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Barnea, E. R., MacLusky, N. J., & Naftolin, F. N. (1983) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/0039-128x(83)90030-2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Dialyna, I., Arvanitis, D. A., & Spandidos, D. A. (2001) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.8.1.79 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Chatterton, R. T., Geiger, A. S., Khan, S. A., Helenowski, I., Jovanovic, B. D., & Gann, P. H. (2004) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.928.13.6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lee, A. J., Conney, A. H., & Zhu, B. T. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lee, A. J., Kosh, J. W., Conney, A. H., & Zhu, B. T. (2001) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)29399-x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP2B6 expression and ifosfamide turnover in breast cancer tissue microsomes
Schmidt, R., Baumann, F., Knüpfer, H., Brauckhoff, M., Horn, L., Schönfelder, M., Köhler, U., & Preiß, R. (2004) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601492 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Expression of CYP3A4 in human breast tumour and non-tumour tissues
Kapucuoğlu, N., Çoban, T., Raunio, H., Pelkonen, O., Edwards, R. J., Boobis, A. R., & İşcan, M. (2003) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2003.08.015 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Sex Steroids, Carcinogenesis, and Cancer Progression
CASTAGNETTA, L. A. M., Granata, O. M., Cocciadiferro, L., Saetta, A., Polito, L. M., Bronte, G., Rizzo, S., Campisi, I., Agostara, B., & Carruba, G. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1321.028 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Chatterton, R. T., Geiger, A. S., Mateo, E. T., Helenowski, I., & Gann, P. H. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1861 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Genotoxic Damage and Aberrant Proliferation in Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells
TELANG, N. T., Suto, A., Bradlow, H. L., Wong, G. Y., & Osborne, M. P. (1993) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-571148-7.50023-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lee, A. J., & Zhu, B. T. (2004) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.32.8.876 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Moutsatsou, P., Fountas, L., Coulocheri, S. A., Kassi, E. N., & Sekeris, C. E. (1999) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s004320050265 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 70 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nebert, D. W., & Dalton, T. P. (2006) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2015 · Cited by 959 · see citing works
Schiffer, L., Barnard, L., Baranowski, E. S., Gilligan, L. C., Taylor, A. E., Arlt, W., Shackleton, C. H. L., & Storbeck, K.-H. (2019) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105439 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
“CYP3A4 is the major enzyme responsible for the 16αhydroxylation of estrone in adults, though CYP1A1, CYP2C19 and CYP3A5 can also catalyze the reaction [315,316].”
Estrogen metabolism and breast cancer
Samavat, H., & Kurzer, M. S. (2014) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.018 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Contributions of Human Enzymes in Carcinogen Metabolism
Rendić, S., & Guengerich, F. P. (2012) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx300132k · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Potential Mechanisms of Estrogen Quinone Carcinogenesis
Bolton, J. L., & Thatcher, G. R. J. (2007) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx700191p · Cited by 241 · see citing works
The structural biology of oestrogen metabolism
THOMAS, M. P., & Potter, B. V. L. (2013) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.014 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Estradiol as a male hormone
Russell, N., & Grossmann, M. (2019) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-18-1000 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Estrogens and the risk of breast cancer: A narrative review of literature
Al‐Shami, K., Awadi, S., Khamees, A., Alsheikh, A. M., Al-Sharif, S., Bereshy, R., Al-Eitan, S. F., Banikhaled, S. H., Al-Qudimat, A. R., Al‐Zoubi, R. M., et al. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20224 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Regioselective hydroxylation of steroid hormones by human cytochromes P450
Niwa, T., Murayama, N., Imagawa, Y., & Yamazaki, H. (2015) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.3109/03602532.2015.1011658 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Genetic polymorphisms of estrogen metabolizing enzyme and breast cancer risk in Thai women
Sangrajrang, S., Sato, Y., Sakamoto, H., Ohnami, S., Laird, N. M., Khuhaprema, T., Brennan, P., Boffetta, P., & Yoshida, T. (2009) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.24434 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The Role of CYP3A in Health and Disease
Klyushova, L. S., Perepechaeva, M. L., & Grishanova, A. Y. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10112686 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Aiyer, H. S., & Gupta, R. C. (2010) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0260 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Rendić, S., & Guengerich, F. P. (2021) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02971-4 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Role of dietary bioactive natural products in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer
Bak, M. J., Das Gupta, S., Wahler, J., & Suh, N. (2016) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.03.001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
CYP2C19*17 is associated with decreased breast cancer risk
Justenhoven, C., Hamann, U., Pierl, C. B., Baisch, C., Harth, V., Rabstein, S., Lotz, A., Pesch, B., Brüning, T., Winter, S., et al. (2008) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-008-0076-4 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Review. Indole-3-carbinol as a chemoprotective agent in breast and prostate cancer.
Bradlow, H. L. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 76 · see citing works
In Vitro Cytochrome P450-Mediated Metabolism of Exemestane
Kamdem, L. K., Flockhart, D. A., & Desta, Z. (2010) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.110.032276 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Huuskonen, P., Storvik, M., Reinisalo, M., Honkakoski, P., Rysä, J., Hakkola, J., & Pasanen, M. (2007) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100376 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Rahmioğlu, N., Montgomery, G. W., & Zondervan, K. T. (2015) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.15.41 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Human Cytochrome P450 Cancer-Related Metabolic Activities and Gene Polymorphisms: A Review
Mokhosoev, I. M., Astakhov, D. V., Terentiev, A. A., & Moldogazieva, N. T. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13231958 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Insights into assessing the genetics of endometriosis
Rahmioglu, N., Missmer, S. A., Montgomery, G. W., & Zondervan, K. T. (2012) · Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports · doi:10.1007/s13669-012-0016-5 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
CYP450 polymorphisms as risk factors for early-onset lung cancer: gender-specific differences
Timofeeva, M. N., Kropp, S., Sauter, W., Beckmann, L., Rosenberger, A., Illig, T., Jäger, B., Mittelstraß, K., Dienemann, H., Bartsch, H., et al. (2009) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp102 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Exploring Breast Cancer Estrogen Disposition: The Basis for Endocrine Manipulation
Lønning, P. E., Haynes, B. P., Straume, A. H., Dunbier, A. K., Helle, H., Knappskog, S., & Dowsett, M. (2011) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0043 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The MARIE-GENICA Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility for Menopausal Hormone Therapy Related Breast Cancer Risk (2009) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0407-0 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Mutations in the PTEN tumor gene and risk of endometriosis: a case–control study
Govatati, S., Kodati, V. L., Deenadayal, M., Chakravarty, B., Shivaji, S., & Bhanoori, M. (2013) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/det387 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Association between CYP2C19 polymorphism and depressive symptoms
Sim, S. C., Nordin, L., Andersson, T., Virding, S., Olsson, M., Pedersen, N. L., & Ingelman‐Sundberg, M. (2010) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31081 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Persson, A., Sim, S. C., Virding, S., Onishchenko, N. R., Schulte, G., & Ingelman‐Sundberg, M. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.89 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Inhibition of Estrogen-Mediated Mammary Tumorigenesis by Blueberry and Black Raspberry
Ravoori, S., Vadhanam, M. V., Aqil, F., & Gupta, R. C. (2012) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf205325p · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Protein Modifications as Potential Biomarkers in Breast Cancer
Jin, H., & Zangar, R. C. (2009) · Biomarker Insights · doi:10.4137/bmi.s2557 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Genetics of endometriosis: a comprehensive review
Deiana, D., Gessa, S., Anardu, M., Daniilidis, A., Nappi, L., D’Alterio, M. N., Pontis, A., & Angioni, S. L. (2019) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2019.1588244 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Angioni, S. L., D’Alterio, M. N., Coiana, A., Anni, F., Gessa, S., & Deiana, D. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21051765 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Estrogen pathway polymorphisms and mammographic density.
Dumas, I., & Diorio, C. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Anterior pituitary, sex hormones, and keratoconus: Beyond traditional targets
Karamichos, D., Escandon, P., Vasini, B., Nicholas, S. E., Van, L., Dang, D. H., Cunningham, R. L., & Riaz, K. M. (2021) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101016 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Pulmonary arterial hypertension: Sex matters
Dignam, J. P., Sharma, S., Stasinopoulos, I. A., & MacLean, M. R. (2023) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.16277 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Painter, J. N., Nyholt, D. R., Morris, A. P., Zhao, Z., Henders, A. K., Lambert, A. W., Wallace, L. M., Martin, N. G., Kennedy, S., Treloar, S. A., et al. (2011) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.03.062 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Singh, V. K., Rastogi, N., Sinha, A., Kumar, A., Mathur, N., & Singh, M. P. (2006) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-006-9264-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Fujino, C., Sanoh, S., & Katsura, T. (2021) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.b21-00332 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Shimada, N., Iwasaki, M., Kasuga, Y., Yokoyama, S., Onuma, H., Nishimura, H., Kusama, R., Hamada, G. S., Nishimoto, I. N., Iyeyasu, H., et al. (2009) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/jhg.2009.13 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ibrahim, H. E., Kerdawy, A. M. E., Abdo, A., & Eldin, A. S. (2021) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2021.100699 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The MARIE-GENICA Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility for Menopausal Hormone Therapy Related Breast Cancer Risk (2009) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.24892 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Zhao, R., Guo, J., Song, Y., Chen, Z., Lu, C., Han, Y., Li, H., Hou, Y., & He, Y. H. (2019) · International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation · doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.104838 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Canonico, M., Bouaziz-Amar, É., Carcaillon‐Bentata, L., Verstuyft, C., Guiochon‐Mantel, A., Becquemont, L., & Scarabin, P. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0450 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Obi, N., Vrieling, Heinz, & Chang-Claude (2011) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s7595 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Inhibitory Effects of γ- and δ-Tocopherols on Estrogen-Stimulated Breast Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo
Bak, M. J., Gupta, S. D., Wahler, J., Lee, H. J., Li, X., Lee, M., Yang, C. S., & Suh, N. (2017) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0223 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Recent data on intratumor estrogens in breast cancer
Lønning, P. E., Haynes, B. P., Straume, A. H., Dunbier, A. K., Helle, H., Knappskog, S., & Dowsett, M. (2011) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.040 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
CYP2C19*17 Gain-of-Function Polymorphism Is Associated With Peptic Ulcer Disease
Musumba, C. O., Jorgensen, A., Sutton, L., Eker, D. V., Zhang, E., O’Hara, N., Carr, D. F., Pritchard, D. M., & Pirmohamed, M. (2012) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.215 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Polymorphisms in the promoter region of ESR2 gene and breast cancer susceptibility
Treeck, O., Elemenler, E., Kriener, C., Horn, F., Springwald, A., Hartmann, A., & Ortmann, O. (2009) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.02.012 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Pairwise Combinations of Estrogen Metabolism Genotypes in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Etiology
Rebbeck, T. R., Troxel, A. B., Walker, A. H., Panossian, S., Gallagher, S., Shatalova, E. G., Blanchard, R. L., Norman, S. A., Bunin, G. R., DeMichele, A. M., et al. (2007) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0800 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Aromatase in human liver and its diseases
Hata, S., Miki, Y., Saito, R., Ishida, K., Watanabe, M., & Sasano, H. (2013) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.85 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Breast density and polymorphisms in genes coding for CYP1A2 and COMT: the Multiethnic Cohort
Takata, Y., Maskarinec, G., & Marchand, L. L. (2007) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-7-30 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Recurrent CYP2C19 deletion allele is associated with triple-negative breast cancer
Tervasmäki, A., Winqvist, R., Jukkola‐Vuorinen, A., & Pylkäs, K. (2014) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-902 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Xu, X., Bai, G., Song, L., Zheng, Q., Yao, Y., Liu, S., & Yao, C. (2017) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.195 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Falfushynska, H., Gnatyshyna, L. L., Horyn, O., & Stoliar, O. B. (2017) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.07.004 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cancer outlier detection based on likelihood ratio test
Hu, J. (2008) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btn372 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis by sustained systemic delivery of ellagic acid
Vadhanam, M. V., Ravoori, S., Aqil, F., & Gupta, R. C. (2011) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/cej.0b013e3283498e00 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Common variants in the CYP2C19 gene are associated with susceptibility to endometriosis
Painter, J. N., Nyholt, D. R., Krause, L., Zhao, Z., Chapman, B. M., Zhang, C., Medland, S. E., Martin, N. G., Kennedy, S. M., Treloar, S. A., et al. (2014) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.04.015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Genic-intergenic polymorphisms of CYP1A genes and their clinical impact.
Kukal, S., Thakran, S., Kanojia, N., Yadav, S., Mishra, M. K., Guin, D., Singh, P., & Kukreti, R. (2023) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2023.147171 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ashley‐Martin, J., VanLeeuwen, J. A., Cribb, A. E., Andreou, P., & Guernsey, J. R. (2012) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph9051846 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cribb, A. E., Knight, M. J., Guernsey, J., Dryer, D., Hender, K., Shawwa, A., Tesch, M., & Saleh, T. M. (2010) · The Breast Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4741.2010.01025.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Potent Chemopreventive/Antioxidant Activity Detected in Common Spices of the Apiaceae Family
Jeyabalan, J., Aqil, F., Soper, L., Schultz, D. J., & Gupta, R. C. (2015) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2015.1075051 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Polymorphisms of Phase I and Phase II Enzymes and Breast Cancer Risk
Justenhoven, C. (2012) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2012.00258 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Polymorphisms in the promoter region of ESR2 gene and susceptibility to ovarian cancer
Schüler, S., Lattrich, C., Skrzypczak, M., Fehm, T. N., Ortmann, O., & Treeck, O. (2014) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.066 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Wang, B., Li, Q., Li, J., Xie, X., Ao, Y., & Ai, Y.-X. (2009) · Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.etp.2008.12.010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hitzman, R. T., Dunlap, T. L., Howell, C. E., Chen, S., Vollmer, G., Pauli, G. F., Bolton, J. L., & Dietz, B. M. (2020) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00194 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pisanu, C., Welander, N. Z., Rukh, G., Schiöth, H. B., & Mwinyi, J. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112234 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zhou, N., Lv, W., Chen, L., Chen, K., He, Q. P., Xie, G., Ma, J., Cao, Y., Zhang, B., & Zhou, X. (2024) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-024-01511-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Pharmacogenomics of Sex Hormone Metabolism: Breast Cancer Risk in Menopausal Hormone Therapy
Justenhoven, C., Obazee, O. M., & Brauch, H. B. (2012) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs.11.144 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Catecholoestrogens: possible role in systemic lupus erythematosus
Khan, W., Uddin, M., Khan, M. W. A., & Chabbra, H. S. (2009) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kep168 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hao, Z., Xu, J., Zhao, H., Zhou, W., Liu, Z., He, S., Yin, X., Zhang, B., Wang, Z., & Zhou, X. (2022) · BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s40360-022-00574-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 and subcortical variability in the human adult brain
Stingl, J., Scholl, C., Bosch, J. E., & Viviani, R. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01591-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sim, S. C., Lövrot, J., Lindh, J. D., Bergh, J. C. S., & Xie, H. (2018) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs-2018-0089 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The effect of lacosamide on bone tissue in orchidectomised male albino Wistar rats
Simko, J., Fekete, S., Maláková, J., Kremláček, J., Horáček, J., Živná, H., Palička, V., & Živný, P. (2014) · Biomedical Papers · doi:10.5507/bp.2014.006 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Haas, S., Merkelbach‐Bruse, S., Justenhoven, C., Brauch, H. B., & Fischer, H. (2009) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.prp.2009.06.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Oxidative Metabolism of Estrone Modified by Genistein and Bisphenol A in Rat Liver Microsomes
Gheldiu, A.-M., Popa, D., Loghin, F., & Vlase, L. (2015) · Biomedical and Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0895-3988(15)30115-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cardoso, J. V., Abrão, M. S., Berardo, P. T., Ferrari, R., Nasciutti, L. E., Machado, D. E., & Perini, J. A. (2017) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.10.027 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Role of Drug Metabolism in Drug Discovery
Bohnert, T., & Gan, L.-S. L. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470538951.ch5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
You, Q., Song, H., Zhu, Z., Wang, J., Wang, R., Du, M., Fu, Y., Yuan, J., & Tan, R. (2024) · Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters · doi:10.1186/s11658-024-00671-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Polymorphisms in the promoter region of estrogen receptor β gene in endometrial cancer
Lattrich, C., Häring, J., Schüler, S., Skrzypczak, M., Ortmann, O., & Treeck, O. (2013) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-013-3012-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Feng, Y., Peng, Z., Liu, W., Yang, Z., Shang, J., Cui, L., & Duan, F. (2019) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2019.06.017 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Grover, S., Talwar, P., Baghel, R., Kaur, H., Gupta, M., Gourie‐Devi, M., Bala, K., Sharma, S., & Kukreti, R. (2010) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31119 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Xu, J., Zhou, Y., He, S., Wang, Y., Ma, J., Li, C., Liu, Z., & Zhou, X. (2024) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.124.001640 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bellocq, D., Molina, J., Rathahao, E., Taché, S., Pierre, F. H. F., & Paris, A. (2010) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2010.04.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Justenhoven, C., Obazee, O. M., Winter, S., Couch, F. J., Olson, J. E., Hall, P. N., Hannelius, U., Li, J., Humphreys, K., Severi, G., et al. (2011) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-011-1827-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sundaramoorthy, R., Srinivasan, V., Gujar, J., Sen, A., Sekar, N., & Gopalakrishnan, A. V. (2013) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7555 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Evaluation ofUGT1A1andSULT1A1polymorphisms with lipid levels in women with different hormonal status
Smiderle, L., Galvão, A. C. S., Fontana, C., Wender, M. C. O., Agnes, G., Giovenardi, M., Hutz, M. H., & Almeida, S. (2010) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2010.493248 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Persson, A. (2014) · Journal of Pharmacogenomics & Pharmacoproteomics · doi:10.4172/2153-0645.1000127 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
CYP2C19 metabolic estrogen phenotypes and endometriosis risk in Brazilian women
Perini, J. A., Machado, D. E., Cardoso, J. V., Fernandes, V. C., Struchiner, C. J., & Suarez‐Kurtz, G. (2023) · Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.clinsp.2023.100176 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
2′-Deoxyguanosine as a surrogate trapping agent for DNA reactive drug metabolites
Häkkinen, M. R., Laine, J., Juvonen, R. O., Auriola, S. O. K., Häyrinen, J., & Pasanen, M. (2011) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.08.020 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of CYP2E1 polymorphisms in liver carcinogenesis
Fu, P., Yang, F., Li, B., Zhang, B., Guan, L., Sheng, J., Ye, Y., Wang, Z., Li, P., Li, X., et al. (2016) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2016.08.114 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Breast cancer susceptibility genes in estrogen metabolizing pathway in a southern Indian population
Francis, A. M., Ramya, R., Ganesan, N., Kumarasamy, P., Paul, S. F. D., Munirajan, A. K., & Divya, M. (2018) · Meta Gene · doi:10.1016/j.mgene.2018.12.009 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Aiyer, H. S., Ravoori, S., & Gupta, R. C. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7554-6_9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhang, T., Rao, Q., Lin, K., He, Y., Cai, J., Yang, M., Xu, Y., Hou, L., Lin, Y., & Liu, H. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04514-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chromatographic analysis and decomposition product characterization of compound SR16157 (NSC 732011)
Wang, J., Chunyang, Wang, E., Li, S., Zaveri, N. T., & Liu, P. (2007) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.08.015 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Grosu, C., Trofimova, O., Gholam‐Rezaee, M., Strippoli, M. F., Kherif, F., Lutti, A., Preisig, M., Draganski, B., & Eap, C. B. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02091-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Metabolism of testosterone and progesterone by cytochrome P450 2C19 allelic variants
Takeji, S., Okada, M., Hayashi, S., Kanamaru, K., Uno, Y., Imaishi, H., & Uno, T. (2023) · Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition · doi:10.1002/bdd.2378 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Icb-1 gene polymorphism rs1467465 is associated with susceptibility to ovarian cancer
Schüler, S., Lattrich, C., Skrzypczak, M., Fehm, T. N., Ortmann, O., & Treeck, O. (2014) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/1757-2215-7-42 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms among Moroccan patients with breast cancer disease: A case-control study
Elouilamine, E., Akil, S. E., Aznag, F. Z., & Izaabel, E. H. (2020) · Gene Reports · doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100610 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Molecular Genetics of Endometriosis
Painter, J. N., Zondervan, K. T., Missmer, S. A., & Montgomery, G. W. (2011) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0021473 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Promise of Individualized Therapy
Oettel, M. (2010) · Pharmaceutical Sciences Encyclopedia · doi:10.1002/9780470571224.pse336 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ghosh, R., Pfeiffer, R. M., Ramin, C. A., Xu, X., Turner, P. C., He, X., Troisi, R. J., Fan, S., Gierach, G. L., & Dallal, C. M. (2025) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109736 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cribb, A. E., Knight, M. J., Dryer, D., Guernsey, J., Hender, K., Tesch, M., & Saleh, T. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Prince Edward Island (CA)
- 2Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada; and
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Venue
- Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
- Published
- 2006-03-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 551-558
- ISSN
- 1055-9965 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-7755
- OpenAlex
- W2141239229
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 7.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Metal-Catalyzed Oxygenation Mechanisms
- Keywords
- estrogen metabolism, cytochrome P450 polymorphisms, breast cancer risk, 2-hydroxyestrone, 4-hydroxyestrone, 16α-hydroxyestrone, CYP1A2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2C19, CYP3A5, liver microsomes, genetic variation
- MeSH terms
- Breast Neoplasms, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Estrone, Female, Humans, Mixed Function Oxygenases, Hydroxylation, Microsomes, Liver, Oxidation-Reduction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Biomarkers, Tumor, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2, In Vitro Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
