A naturalistic, randomized pilot trial of e-cigarettes: uptake, exposure, and behavioral effects.

Carpenter, Matthew J.; Heckman, Bryan W.; Wahlquist, Amy E.; Wagener, Theodore L.; Goniewicz, Maciej L.; Gray, Kevin M.; Froeliger, Brett; Cummings, K. Michael

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0460

Cited by 93Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesInhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery

A naturalistic, randomized pilot trial of e-cigarettes: uptake, exposure, and behavioral effects.

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Carpenter, Matthew J., Heckman, Bryan W., Wahlquist, Amy E., Wagener, Theodore L., Goniewicz, Maciej L., Gray, Kevin M., Froeliger, Brett, Cummings, K. Michael·2017·Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention

DOI 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0460PMC PMC5713898

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Abstract

Background: Most studies of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) compare self-selected users versus nonusers. The few randomized studies to date generally support a positive impact on reducing smoking behavior, but these studies are focused on guided ENDS use. This study presents a randomized, naturalistic trial of ENDS with prospective outcomes of uptake and behavioral changes in smoking. Methods: Adult smokers with minimal ENDS history were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive product for 3 weeks (n = 46), or not (n = 22). Changes in nicotine delivery (16 vs. 24 mg), midway through the study allowed a compelling opportunity to examine two ENDS products compared with the control group. Primary outcomes, assessed via daily diaries during sampling period and in-person laboratory visits over 4 months, included uptake and usage of ENDS, cessation-related outcomes, and exposure to smoke constituents. Results: All ENDS participants tried product at least once, with 48% of 24 mg and 30% of 16 mg using their assigned product for the entire sampling period. Within the 24 mg ENDs group, 57% made an independent purchase of ENDS, versus 28% of 16 mg, and 14% of control participants (P = 0.01). Smokers in both ENDS groups significantly reduced their smoking, whereas control participants did not (P = 0.03). Cessation behaviors (quit attempts, biologically verified abstinence) numerically but not statistically favored ENDS participants. Conclusions: Results suggest that cigarette smokers are willing to use ENDS with trends toward reduced cigarette smoking and positive changes in cessation-related behaviors. Impact: Randomized, naturalistic trials such as presented herein are needed to understand the population impact of e-cigarettes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(12); 1795–803. ©2017 AACR.

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Five trials (N=3,117) were included that evaluated the effectiveness of using e-cigarettes to help current conventional smokers stop or reduce smoking compared with placebo or nicotine replacement therapy.
“Five trials (N=3,117) were included that evaluated the effectiveness of using e-cigarettes to help current conventional smokers stop or reduce smoking compared with placebo or nicotine replacement therapy ([eTable 3](#SD1)).[76](#R76),[77](#R77),[86](#R86),[87](#R87),[89](#R89)”
From Interventions for Tobacco Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
The paper’s Methods describe a randomized trial in 68 adult smokers that assessed e-cigarette use and cessation-related outcomes. But the Discussion says its comparator was a non-sampling control, not a placebo e-cigarette or nicotine replacement therapy. The paper also does not establish the citing document’s aggregate of five trials (N=3,117). (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Leavens, E. L. S., Stevens, E. M., Brett, E. I., Hébert, E. T., Villanti, A. C., Pearson, J., & Wagener, T. L. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.02.011 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery system with 0, 8, or 36 mg/mL liquid nicotine versus a cigarette substitute on tobacco-related toxicant exposure: a four-arm, parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial
Cobb, C. O., Foulds, J., Yen, M.-S., Veldheer, S., Lopez, A. A., Yingst, J. M., Bullen, C., Kang, L., Eissenberg, T., Allen, S. I., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00022-9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Electronic cigarette use and smoking cessation in cohort studies and randomized trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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How effective are electronic cigarettes for reducing respiratory and cardiovascular risk in smokers? A systematic review
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Where Do Vapers Buy Their Vaping Supplies? Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) 4 Country Smoking and Vaping Survey
Braak, D. C., Cummings, K. M., Nahhas, G. J., Heckman, B. W., Borland, R., Fong, G. T., Hammond, D. G., Boudreau, C., McNeill, A. D., Levy, D. T., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16030338 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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How close are we to definitively identifying the respiratory health effects of e-cigarettes?
Ratajczak, A., Feleszko, W., Smith, D. M., & Goniewicz, M. L. (2018) · Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1080/17476348.2018.1483724 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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Real-World Evidence of Differences in Biomarkers of Exposure to Select Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents and Biomarkers of Potential Harm Between Adult E-Vapor Users and Adult Cigarette Smokers
Oliveri, D. R., Liang, Q., & Sarkar, M. A. (2019) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz185 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Whether to push or pull? Nicotine reduction and non-combusted alternatives - Two strategies for reducing smoking and improving public health
Smith, T. T., Hatsukami, D. K., Benowitz, N. L., Colby, S. M., McClernon, F. J., Strasser, A. A., Tidey, J. W., White, C. M., & Donny, E. C. (2018) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.03.021 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
History repeats itself: Role of characterizing flavors on nicotine use and abuse
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Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Among Adult Former Smoker, Current E-Cigarette Users – Results from Wave 1 PATH Study
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Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation
Lindson, N., Livingstone‐Banks, J., Butler, A. R., McRobbie, H. J., Bullen, C., Hájek, P., Wu, A. D., Begh, R. A., Theodoulou, A., Notley, C. J., et al. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010216.pub10 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Electronic cigarettes: A position statement from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand*
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E-cigarette use and change in plans to quit cigarette smoking among adult smokers in the United States: Longitudinal findings from the PATH Study 2014-2019
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A Single-Arm, Open-Label, Pilot, and Feasibility Study of a High Nicotine Strength E-Cigarette Intervention for Smoking Cessation or Reduction for People With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Who Smoke Cigarettes
Caponnetto, P., DiPiazza, J., Kim, J. J., Maglia, M. G., & Polosa, R. (2021) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntab005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Electronic cigarettes: not evidence-based cessation
Wallace, A. M. R., & Foronjy, R. (2019) · Translational Lung Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tlcr.2019.03.08 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Efficacy of Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Ibrahim, S., Habiballah, M., & Sayed, I. E. (2020) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117120980289 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tobacco smoking, related harm and motivation to quit smoking in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Caponnetto, P., Polosa, R., Robson, D., & Bauld, L. (2020) · Health Psychology Research · doi:10.4081/hpr.2020.9042 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Prospective association between e‐cigarette use frequency patterns and cigarette smoking abstinence among adult cigarette smokers in the United States
Harlow, A. F., Stokes, A., Brooks, D., Benjamin, E., Leventhal, A. M., McConnell, R., Barrington-Trimis, J., & Ross, C. S. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Pilot study to inform young adults about the risks of electronic cigarettes through text messaging
Calabro, K. S., Khalil, G. E., Chen, M., Perry, C. L., & Prokhorov, A. V. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100224 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A pilot study to examine the acceptability and health effects of electronic cigarettes in HIV-positive smokers
Cioe, P. A., Mercurio, A. N., Lechner, W. V., Costantino, C., Tidey, J. W., Eissenberg, T., & Kahler, C. W. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107678 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Designing Studies to Inform Tobacco Harm Reduction: Learnings From an Oral Nicotine Pouch Actual Use Pilot Study
Campbell, C., Feehan, M., Kanitscheider, C., Makena, P. S., Cai, J., & Baxter, S. A. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/37573 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Impact of E-cigarette Sampling on Cigarette Dependence and Reinforcement Value
Smith, T. T., Wahlquist, A. E., Heckman, B. W., Cummings, K. M., & Carpenter, M. J. (2018) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nty258 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Prices, use restrictions and electronic cigarette use—evidence from wave 1 (2016) US data of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey
Cheng, K., Chaloupka, F. J., Shang, C., Ngô, Á. N., Fong, G. T., Borland, R., Heckman, B. W., Levy, D. T., & Cummings, K. M. (2019) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14562 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Effects of Chronic Inhalation of Electronic Cigarette Vapor Containing Nicotine on Neurobehaviors and Pre/Postsynaptic Neuron Markers
Alasmari, F. F., Alotibi, F. M., Alqahtani, F., Alshammari, T. K., Kadi, A. A., Alghamdi, A. M., Allahem, B. S., Alasmari, A. F., AlSharari, S. D., Al-Rejaie, S. S., et al. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10060338 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Do e-cigarette sales reduce the demand for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products in the US? Evidence from the retail sales data
Huang, J., Wang, Y., Duan, Z., Kim, Y., Emery, S., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106376 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A Pragmatic Randomized Comparative Trial of e-Cigarettes and Other Nicotine Products for Quitting or Long-Term Substitution in Smokers
Morphett, K., Fraser, D., Borland, R., Hall, W., Walker, N. K., Bullen, C., & GARTNER, C. E. (2021) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntab266 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of E-Cigarette Use for Smoking Cessation in the General Population: E3 Trial Design
Hébert-Losier, A., Filion, K. B., Windle, S. B., & Eisenberg, M. J. (2020) · CJC Open · doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2020.03.006 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Clinical impact of vaping on cardiopulmonary function and lung cancer development: an update
Petrella, F., Rizzo, S., Masiero, M. A., Marzorati, C., Casiraghi, M., Bertolaccini, L., Mazzella, A., Pravettoni, G., & Spaggiari, L. (2023) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/cej.0000000000000797 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a stop smoking intervention in adults: a systematic review
Vyas, N., Bennett, A., Hamel, C., Beck, A., Thuku, M., Hersi, M., Shaver, N., Skidmore, B., Hutton, B., Manuel, D. G., et al. (2024) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-024-02572-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Associations between nicotine vaping uptake and cigarette smoking cessation vary by smokers' plans to quit: longitudinal findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys
Kasza, K. A., Hammond, D. G., Gravely, S. M. L., O’Connor, R. J., Meng, G., East, K. A., Borland, R., Cummings, K. M., Fong, G. T., & Hyland, A. J. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16050 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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The potential of new nicotine and tobacco products as tools for people who smoke to quit combustible cigarettes – a systematic review of common practices and guidance towards a robust study protocol to measure cessation efficacy
Pluym, N., Burkhardt, T., Scherer, G., & Scherer, M. (2024) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-024-01047-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Piloting a clinical laboratory method to evaluate the influence of potential modified risk tobacco products on smokers' quit-related motivation, choice, and behavior
Ozga‐Hess, J. E., Felicione, N. J., Ferguson, S. G., Dino, G., Elswick, D. E., Whitworth, C., Turiano, N. A., & Blank, M. D. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106105 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological monotherapies and e-cigarette on smoking cessation: a systemic review and network meta-analysis
Meng, Y., Xiang, S., Qu, L., & Li, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1361186 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Examining e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation treatment: A critical umbrella review analysis
O’Leary, R., Rosa, G. R. M. L., & Polosa, R. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112520 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Modified E-Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire: Psychometric Evaluation of an Adapted Version of the Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire for Use With Adults Who Use Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
Morean, M. E., & Bold, K. W. (2022) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntac062 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A Descriptive Analysis of Transitions from Smoking to Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Use: A Daily Diary Investigation
Conner, T. S., Zeng, J., Blank, M., He, V., & Hoek, J. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126301 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Electronic cigarettes: Ever use, current use and attitudes among alcohol and other drug clients
Skelton, E., Silberberg, L., Guillaumier, A., Dunlop, A. J., Wilkinson, R. B., & Bonevski, B. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Distinct influences of nicotine and sensorimotor stimuli on reducing cravings to smoke and vape among dual users
Palmer, A. M., Sawyer, L. E., & Brandon, T. H. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107051 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Development and initial psychometric properties of the Cannabidiol Outcome Expectancies Questionnaire (CBD-OEQ).
Walukevich‐Dienst, K., Morris, P. E., Tucker, R. P., Copeland, A. L., & Buckner, J. D. (2022) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001128 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Another Article About E‐Cigarettes: Why Should I Care?
Cummings, K. M., Morris, P. B., & Benowitz, N. L. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.009944 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Recommendations on interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults in Canada
Thombs, B. D., Traversy, G., Reynolds, D. L., Lang, E., Groulx, S., & Wilson, B. J. (2025) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.241584 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
E-cigarettes, heated tobacco and other novel nicotine-containing products: a help to smokers or a public health threat?
Pisinger, C. H., Katsaounou, P. A., Ravara, S., & Vestbo, J. (2021) · European Respiratory Society eBooks · doi:10.1183/2312508x.10002120 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation
Lindson, N., Livingstone‐Banks, J., Butler, A. R., McRobbie, H., Bullen, C., Hájek, P., Wu, A. D., Begh, R. A., Theodoulou, A., Ma, C., et al. (2026) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010216.pub11 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Associations Between Noticing E-Cigarette Advertising Features and E-Cigarette Appeal and Switching Interest Among Young Adult Dual Users
Chen-Sankey, J. C., Elhabashy, M., Capria, K. L., Jeong, M., Klein, E. G., Villanti, A. C., & Wackowski, O. A. (2024) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2024.2374973 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Patterns of Use of e-Cigarettes and Their Respiratory Effects: A Critical Umbrella Review
Rosa, G. R. M. L., Polosa, R., & O’Leary, R. (2025) · Tobacco Use Insights · doi:10.1177/1179173x251325421 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
E-Zigaretten – toxikologisches Fiasko oder besser als kein Rauchstopp?
Hering, T. (2020) · Der Internist · doi:10.1007/s00108-020-00794-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tabakentwöhnung bei COPD
Andreas, S., Kotz, D., Batra, A., Hellmann, A., Mühlig, S., Nowak, D., Schultz, K., Worth, H., & Schüler, S. (2023) · Pneumologie · doi:10.1055/a-2020-4284 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cannabis use across the menstrual cycle: The impact of negative affect and cannabis use motives
Morris, P. E., Soto, P. L., & Buckner, J. D. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108284 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
How do Smokers in a Snus-Prevalent Society Consider E-cigarettes, Snus, and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Products as Relevant Replacements for Cigarettes in the Event They Should Stop Smoking?
Vedøy, T. F., & Lund, K. E. (2023) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntad113 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cigarrillo electrónico y otros sistemas electrónicos de liberación de nicotinarevisión de evidencias sobre un tema controversial
Llambí, L., Rodríguez, D. R., Soto, E., & Parodi, C. (2020) · Revista Médica del Uruguay · doi:10.29193/rmu.36.1.7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence on the efficacy of e-cigarette use for sustained smoking and nicotine cessationPreprint
Banks, E., Yazidjoglou, A., Brown, S., Ford, L., Zulfiqar, T., Baenziger, O., & Joshy, G. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.20224212 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Randomized controlled trials using electronic nicotine delivery systems as smoking cessation aids require an accurate, empirically-based understanding of the nicotine delivery profile of the products under study
Maloney, S. F., Hoetger, C., Rudy, A. K., Eversole, A., Sawyer, A. N., Cobb, C. O., Barnes, A. J., Breland, A. B., & Eissenberg, T. (2021) · Journal of Public Health and Emergency · doi:10.21037/jphe-20-124 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Value of Providing Smokers with Free E-Cigarettes: Smoking Reduction and Cessation Associated with the Three-Month Provision to Smokers of a Refillable Tank-Style E-Cigarette
McKeganey, N., Miler, J. A., & Haseen, F. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15091914 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Substitution on Body Weight Status: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Rosa, G. R. M. L., Qureshi, M., Frittitta, L., Anastasi, E., & Polosa, R. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/56324 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Association of Cigarette–E-Cigarette Transitions With Respiratory Symptom Resolution
Berlowitz, J. B., Xie, W., Harlow, A. F., Kathuria, H., Benjamin, E. J., & Stokes, A. C. (2024) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntae224 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Prospective 6-Week Actual Use Study of glo Heated Tobacco Products in the United States
Campbell, C., Shetty, M., Hart, R., Makena, P. S., Chen, P., Feehan, M., Kanitscheider, C., Lyden, J. T., Sandefur, J. H., Prasad, K., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.49.3.5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smoking Cessation by Electronic Cigarettes and Applied Artificial Intelligence
Ma, H., Huang, C. C., & Dunlevy, C. L. (2020) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsr.v9i1.798 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Electronic cigarettes for smokers with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Caponnetto, P. (2019) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling)
Cannabis Use Across the Menstrual Cycle: The Impact of Negative Affect and Coping Motives
Morris, P. E. (2023) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.5770
Recommandations sur les interventions de cessation tabagique pour les adultes au Canada
Thombs, B. D., Traversy, G., Reynolds, D. L., Lang, E., Groulx, S., & Wilson, B. J. (2025) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.241584-f
Additional file 10 of Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a stop smoking intervention in adults: a systematic review
Vyas, N., Bennett, A., Hamel, C., Beck, A., Thuku, M., Hersi, M., Shaver, N., Skidmore, B., Hutton, B., Manuel, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26741315
Additional file 1 of Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a stop smoking intervention in adults: a systematic review
Vyas, N., Bennett, A., Hamel, C., Beck, A., Thuku, M., Hersi, M., Shaver, N., Skidmore, B., Hutton, B., Manuel, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26741288
Additional file 9 of Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a stop smoking intervention in adults: a systematic review
Vyas, N., Bennett, A., Hamel, C., Beck, A., Thuku, M., Hersi, M., Shaver, N., Skidmore, B., Hutton, B., Manuel, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26741312
Additional file 1 of How effective are electronic cigarettes for reducing respiratory and cardiovascular risk in smokers? A systematic review
Goniewicz, M. L., Miller, C. R., Sutanto, E., & Li, D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13279214
Self-citation
Additional file 6 of Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a stop smoking intervention in adults: a systematic review
Vyas, N., Bennett, A., Hamel, C., Beck, A., Thuku, M., Hersi, M., Shaver, N., Skidmore, B., Hutton, B., Manuel, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26741303
Additional file 5 of Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a stop smoking intervention in adults: a systematic review
Vyas, N., Bennett, A., Hamel, C., Beck, A., Thuku, M., Hersi, M., Shaver, N., Skidmore, B., Hutton, B., Manuel, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26741300
Additional file 8 of Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a stop smoking intervention in adults: a systematic review
Vyas, N., Bennett, A., Hamel, C., Beck, A., Thuku, M., Hersi, M., Shaver, N., Skidmore, B., Hutton, B., Manuel, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26741309
Additional file 2 of Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a stop smoking intervention in adults: a systematic review
Vyas, N., Bennett, A., Hamel, C., Beck, A., Thuku, M., Hersi, M., Shaver, N., Skidmore, B., Hutton, B., Manuel, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26741291
Additional file 4 of Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a stop smoking intervention in adults: a systematic review
Vyas, N., Bennett, A., Hamel, C., Beck, A., Thuku, M., Hersi, M., Shaver, N., Skidmore, B., Hutton, B., Manuel, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26741297
Additional file 1 of The potential of new nicotine and tobacco products as tools for people who smoke to quit combustible cigarettes – a systematic review of common practices and guidance towards a robust study protocol to measure cessation efficacy
Pluym, N., Burkhardt, T., Scherer, G., & Scherer, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26743655
Additional file 3 of Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a stop smoking intervention in adults: a systematic review
Vyas, N., Bennett, A., Hamel, C., Beck, A., Thuku, M., Hersi, M., Shaver, N., Skidmore, B., Hutton, B., Manuel, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26741294
Additional file 7 of Effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a stop smoking intervention in adults: a systematic review
Vyas, N., Bennett, A., Hamel, C., Beck, A., Thuku, M., Hersi, M., Shaver, N., Skidmore, B., Hutton, B., Manuel, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26741306
Additional file 2 of The potential of new nicotine and tobacco products as tools for people who smoke to quit combustible cigarettes – a systematic review of common practices and guidance towards a robust study protocol to measure cessation efficacy
Pluym, N., Burkhardt, T., Scherer, G., & Scherer, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26743658
Rationale, design, and protocol for a sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial of adaptive treatment for smoking cessation: The ADAPT trial
Brown, G. A., McCamy, W., King, D. I., Ferriera, A. C., Wahlquist, A. E., Kaczmar, J. M., Cropsey, K. L., Carpenter, M. J., & Smith, T. T. (2026) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2026.108215
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La cigarette électronique chez les étudiants : trajectoires de consommation et profils d’usage
Kinouani, S. (2019) · doi:10.70675/7f8be223z91e0z4a70z9c14zba686a0ecc18
Assessment of nicotine pharmacokinetics and abuse liability in randomized, crossover studies of Vuse Alto electronic nicotine delivery systems
Kanobe, M. N., Baxter, S. A., Prevette, K., Jin, T., Tapia, M. A., Ayoku, S. A., Dull, G. M., Makena, P. S., Mohrmann, J., Keyser, B. M., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1796858

Effect of unguided e-cigarette provision on uptake, use, and smoking cessation among adults who smoke in the USA: a naturalistic, randomised, controlled clinical trial
Carpenter, M. J., Wahlquist, A. E., Dahne, J., Gray, K. M., Cummings, K. M., Warren, G. W., Wagener, T. L., Goniewicz, M. L., & Smith, T. T. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102142 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
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Effect of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems on Cigarette Abstinence in Smokers With No Plans to Quit: Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Foulds, J., Cobb, C. O., Yen, M.-S., Veldheer, S., Brosnan, P., Yingst, J. M., Hrabovsky, S., Lopez, A. A., Allen, S. I., Bullen, C., et al. (2021) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntab247 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Are electronic nicotine delivery systems helping cigarette smokers quit? Evidence from a prospective cohort study of U.S. adult smokers, 2015–2016
Weaver, S. R., Huang, J., Pechacek, T. F., Heath, J. W., Ashley, D. L., & Eriksen, M. P. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198047 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
A Pilot Randomized Crossover Trial of Electronic Cigarette Sampling Among Smokers
Meier, E. M., Wahlquist, A. E., Heckman, B. W., Cummings, K. M., Froeliger, B., & Carpenter, M. J. (2016) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw157 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery system with 0, 8, or 36 mg/mL liquid nicotine versus a cigarette substitute on tobacco-related toxicant exposure: a four-arm, parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial
Cobb, C. O., Foulds, J., Yen, M.-S., Veldheer, S., Lopez, A. A., Yingst, J. M., Bullen, C., Kang, L., Eissenberg, T., Allen, S. I., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00022-9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Authors: Carpenter, M. J., Heckman, B. W., Wahlquist, A. E., Wagener, T. L., Goniewicz, M. L., Gray, K. M., Froeliger, B., & Cummings, K. M.
Affiliations: Medical University of South Carolina (US)
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (US)
Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
Corresponding author: Carpenter, Matthew J.
ORCID: Carpenter, Matthew J.
Heckman, Bryan W.
Wahlquist, Amy E.
Wagener, Theodore L.
Goniewicz, Maciej L.
Gray, Kevin M.
Froeliger, Brett
Venue: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Published: 2017-11-30
Volume: 26
Issue: 12
Pages: 1795-1803
ISSN: 1055-9965 (ISSN-L)
1538-7755
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0460
PMC: PMC5713898
OpenAlex: W2767521941
Semantic Scholar: 2afb2a4cc3bf7be166676337d83a12b37bfe1dfb
Cited by: 93
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 6.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: NIH (R21 DA037407, P01 CA200512, UL1 TR001450, and P30 CA138313)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
Keywords: electronic cigarettes, smoking cessation, quit attempts, abstinence
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Pilot Projects, Prospective Studies, Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Use Cessation Devices, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems

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A naturalistic, randomized pilot trial of e-cigarettes: uptake, exposure, and behavioral effects.

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