Cancer Progress and Priorities: Childhood Cancer
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: It is estimated that 300,000 children 0-14 years of age are diagnosed with cancer worldwide each year. While the absolute risk of cancer in children is low, in high-income countries, it is the leading cause of death due to disease in children. In spite of this, the etiologies of childhood cancer are largely unknown. METHODS: We reviewed the literature on several components of the epidemiology of childhood cancer, including incidence, survival, risk factors, etiologic heterogeneity, and prevention. After describing known patterns in the epidemiology of childhood cancer, we propose future directions for epidemiologic research. RESULTS: Recent studies indicate the worldwide incidence of childhood cancer is underestimated, especially in middle- and low-income countries. While survival continues to improve, there are significant disparities across the globe. In terms of risk factors, there are a few well-established associations including race/ethnicity, birthweight, birth defects, and ionizing radiation. Identifying novel risk factors is imperative for future prevention efforts. CONCLUSIONS: Future epidemiologic studies of childhood cancer should incorporate novel exposure methodologies, molecular features of tumors, and a more complete assessment of gene-environment interactions. IMPACT: It is hoped that our understanding of the causes of childhood cancer can be better ascertained, leading to novel surveillance or prevention strategies.
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Chang, J. S.-M., Tsai, Y., Tsai, C.-R., & Wiemels, J. L. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws263 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs during pregnancy and risk of neuroblastoma: systematic review
Müller‐Schulte, E., Kurlemann, G., & Harder, A. (2017) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2017-313615 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Panagopoulou, P., Skalkidou, A., Marcotte, E. L., et al. (2019) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2019.01.022 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Oksuzyan, S., Crespi, C. M., Cockburn, M., et al. (2013) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2013.03.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Risk of neuroblastoma, maternal characteristics and perinatal exposures: The SETIL study
Parodi, S., Merlo, D. F., Ranucci, A., et al. (2014) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2014.09.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Wilms tumor in childhood: the role of birth weight
Rangel, M., Cypriano, M., Lee, M. L. D. M., et al. (2010) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-010-1139-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Puumala, S. E., Ross, J. A., Feusner, J. H., et al. (2012) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/des109 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Birth weight and subsequent risk of childhood primary brain tumors: An updated meta‐analysis
Dahlhaus, A., Prengel, P., Spector, L. G., & Pieper, D. (2016) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.26299 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationMarcotte, E. L., Pankratz, N., Amatruda, J. F., et al. (2017) · Genes Chromosomes and Cancer · doi:10.1002/gcc.22457 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [10]Jemal A The Cancer Atlas, 2nd Edition. American Cancer Society; 2015.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Roberts, H. J., Comeau, H., Klega, K., DuBois, S. G., Lazo de la Vega, L., Ceca, E., Mullen, E. A., Smith, G. A., Tukachinsky, H., Huang, R. S. P., et al. (2026) · JCO Precision Oncology · doi:10.1200/po-25-01125
- Authors
- Lupo, P. J., & Spector, L. G.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lupo, Philip J.
- Venue
- Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
- Published
- 2020-06-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1081-1094
- ISSN
- 1055-9965 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-7755
- PMC
- PMC9400945
- OpenAlex
- W3031601960
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 263
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (U10CA180886)
- Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP170071, RP180755)
- St. Baldrick's Foundation (522277)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Keywords
- childhood cancer, cancer incidence, cancer survival, risk factors, etiologic heterogeneity, cancer prevention, global disparities, ionizing radiation, birth weight, congenital malformations, race and ethnicity, gene-environment interaction, cancer surveillance
- MeSH terms
- Cancer Survivors, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Neoplasms, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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