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β-Catenin Activation Promotes Immune Escape and Resistance to Anti–PD-1 Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Abstract
PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors have produced encouraging results in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, what determines resistance to anti–PD-1 therapies is unclear. We created a novel genetically engineered mouse model of HCC that enables interrogation of how different genetic alterations affect immune surveillance and response to immunotherapies. Expression of exogenous antigens in MYC;Trp53−/− HCCs led to T cell–mediated immune surveillance, which was accompanied by decreased tumor formation and increased survival. Some antigen-expressing MYC;Trp53−/− HCCs escaped the immune system by upregulating the β-catenin (CTNNB1) pathway. Accordingly, expression of exogenous antigens in MYC;CTNNB1 HCCs had no effect, demonstrating that β-catenin promoted immune escape, which involved defective recruitment of dendritic cells and consequently impaired T-cell activity. Expression of chemokine CCL5 in antigen-expressing MYC;CTNNB1 HCCs restored immune surveillance. Finally, β-catenin–driven tumors were resistant to anti–PD-1. In summary, β-catenin activation promotes immune escape and resistance to anti–PD-1 and could represent a novel biomarker for HCC patient exclusion. Significance: Determinants of response to anti–PD-1 immunotherapies in HCC are poorly understood. Using a novel mouse model of HCC, we show that β-catenin activation promotes immune evasion and resistance to anti–PD-1 therapy and could potentially represent a novel biomarker for HCC patient exclusion. See related commentary by Berraondo et al., p. 1003. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 983
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“In a mouse model of HCC, activation of WNT–β-catenin signalling promotes immune escape by impairing recruitment of dendritic cells and interfering with recognition by natural killer cells73.”
From Adjuvant and neoadjuvant immunotherapies in hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · cites this paper as [73]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ruiz de Galarreta, M., Bresnahan, E., Molina-Sánchez, P., Lindblad, K. E., Maier, B., Sia, D., Puigvehi, M., Miguela, V., Casanova-Acebes, M., Dhainaut, M., Villacorta-Martin, C., Singhi, A. D., Moghe, A., von Felden, J., Tal Grinspan, L., Wang, S., Kamphorst, A. O., Monga, S. P., Brown, B. D., Villanueva, A., Llovet, J. M., Merad, M., & Lujambio, A.
- Affiliations
- 1Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
- Tisch Cancer Institute (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- 2Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Lujambio, Amaia
- ORCID
- Ruiz de Galarreta, Marina
- Molina-Sánchez, Pedro
- Lindblad, Katherine E.
- Maier, Barbara
- Sia, Daniela
- Puigvehi, Marc
- Miguela, Verónica
- Casanova-Acebes, María
- Dhainaut, Maxime
- Singhi, Aatur D.
- Moghe, Akshata
- von Felden, Johann
- Wang, Shuang
- Kamphorst, Alice O.
- Monga, Satdarshan P.
- Brown, Brian D.
- Villanueva, Augusto
- Llovet, Josep M.
- Lujambio, Amaia
- Venue
- Cancer Discovery
- Published
- 2019-08-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1124-1141
- ISSN
- 2159-8274 (ISSN-L)
- 2159-8290
- PMC
- PMC6677618
- OpenAlex
- W2952311394
- Cited by
- 912
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 114 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 169 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 11
- FWCI
- 36.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Cancer Discovery (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Damon Runyon Cancer Research FoundationDamon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (Damon Runyon) (DR52-18)
- HHS | NIH | National Cancer InstituteHHS | NIH | National Cancer Institute (NCI) (R37CA230636, P30 CA196521)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- β-catenin signaling, hepatocellular carcinoma, immune evasion, anti-PD-1 resistance, PD-1 inhibitors, tumor surveillance, c-Myc, Trp53, dendritic cell recruitment, T cell function, RANTES, chemokines, genetically engineered mouse models, immunotherapy biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological, Animals, Dendritic Cells, Disease Models, Animal, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Humans, Liver Neoplasms, Oncogenes, Biomarkers, Tumor, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression, Treatment Outcome, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Tumor Escape, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Cell Line, Tumor, beta Catenin, Mice, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
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