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Genetically Defined Syngeneic Mouse Models of Ovarian Cancer as Tools for the Discovery of Combination Immunotherapy
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Abstract
Abstract Despite advances in immuno-oncology, the relationship between tumor genotypes and response to immunotherapy remains poorly understood, particularly in high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinomas (HGSC). We developed a series of mouse models that carry genotypes of human HGSCs and grow in syngeneic immunocompetent hosts to address this gap. We transformed murine-fallopian tube epithelial cells to phenocopy homologous recombination–deficient tumors through a combined loss of Trp53, Brca1, Pten, and Nf1 and overexpression of Myc and Trp53R172H, which was contrasted with an identical model carrying wild-type Brca1. For homologous recombination–proficient tumors, we constructed genotypes combining loss of Trp53 and overexpression of Ccne1, Akt2, and Trp53R172H, and driven by KRASG12V or Brd4 or Smarca4 overexpression. These lines form tumors recapitulating human disease, including genotype-driven responses to treatment, and enabled us to identify follistatin as a driver of resistance to checkpoint inhibitors. These data provide proof of concept that our models can identify new immunotherapy targets in HGSC. Significance: We engineered a panel of murine fallopian tube epithelial cells bearing mutations typical of HGSC and capable of forming tumors in syngeneic immunocompetent hosts. These models recapitulate tumor microenvironments and drug responses characteristic of human disease. In a Ccne1-overexpressing model, immune-checkpoint resistance was driven by follistatin. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 211
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“Generation of multiple fallopian tube epithelial cell lines with combinations of common mutations in HGSOC (Tp53, Brca1, Brca2, Ccne1, Akt2, Brd4, Smarca4, Kras, Myc, Nf1, and Pten) using CRISPR/Cas9 recapitulated histopathological and clinical features observed in HGSOC patients, such as ascites and peritoneal metastases (Iyer et al., 2021).”
From Three-dimensional modelling of ovarian cancer: from cell lines to organoids for discovery and personalized medicine (2022) · cites this paper as Iyer et al., 2021
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“We observed higher levels of CD8 T cell infiltration in the low-risk group, suggesting enhanced immune surveillance via CD8 T cells, while this implies a possible enhanced susceptibility to PD-1/PD-L1-targeted immune checkpoint therapies (Strickland et al., 2016; Iyer et al., 2021).”
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“Recent studies from our group and by others suggest that the immune microenvironment of HGSC, shaped by tumor-initiating mutations, has a major influence on HGSC biology (57, 58).”
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Modulation of Type I Interferon Responses to Influence Tumor-Immune Cross Talk in PDAC
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Rethinking ovarian cancer III: the past decade and future directions
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“Furthermore, recent syngeneic mouse models may more completely mirror HGSC genomics, immunobiology, and tumour epithelial and TME interactions than PDX HGSC tumours that usually have human malignant cells with a mouse TME 128,134–136 .”
Sustained delivery of PARP inhibitor Talazoparib for the treatment of BRCA-deficient ovarian cancer
Yang, S., Green, A., Virani, N. A., Robinson, A., Senat, M., Testino, B., Dinulescu, D. M., & Sridhar, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1175617 · Cited by 12
“Syngeneic Brca1; Tp53; Pten; Nf1; Myc genetically engineered mouse models (BPPNM) were also employed in this study (56).”
Localized In Vivo Prodrug Activation Using Radionuclides
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Steitz, A. M., Schröder, C., Knuth, I., Keber, C. U., Sommerfeld, L., Finkernagel, F., Jansen, J. M., Wagner, U. A. G., Müller‐Brüsselbach, S., Worzfeld, T., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.108401 · Cited by 12
“Genetically engineeredmicerecapitulatingthegenomicsandtheTMEofhumanHGSCareavailable, 65–67 butdue to multiple genetic alterations these mouse models require complex breeding programs.”
BackgroundChemotherapy induces myeloid-driven spatial T-cell exhaustion in ovarian cancerPreprint
Launonen, I.-M. P., Erkan, E. P., Niemiec, I., Junquera, A., Hincapié-Otero, M. M., Afenteva, D., Liang, Z., Salko, M., Szabo, A., Pérez‐Villatoro, F., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.585657 · Cited by 11
Leveraging dysregulated tumor metabolism for targeting anticancer bacteria
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“A and BPPNM, which both are genetically defined and establish intraperitoneal tumors recapitulating high-grade serous OC (HGSOC) ( 39 ); and the murine TNBC cell line 4T1 ( 37 , 38 ).”
Babalola, B. A., Adebami, G. E., & Akinsuyi, O. (2021) · Global Journal of Cancer Therapy · doi:10.17352/2581-5407.000040 · Cited by 11
“Studies associated with this have led to discovering novel immunotherapeutic approaches towards cancer [9-11].”
BackgroundLaunonen, I.-M. P., Vähärautio, A., & Färkkilä, A. (2023) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a041314 · Cited by 10
Gerton, T. J., Green, A., Campisi, M., Chen, M., Gjeci, I., Mahadevan, N. R., Lee, C. A. A., Mishra, R., Vo, H. V., Haratani, K., et al. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15164128 · Cited by 8
The Reign of Follistatin in Tumors and Their Microenvironment: Implications for Drug Resistance
Sosa, J., Oyelakin, A., & Sinha, S. (2024) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology13020130 · Cited by 9
“…analysis of patient-derived xenografts showed that FST is upregulated in ovarian tumors resistant to combination chemotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, whereas the genetic ablation of FST restored drug susceptibility and improved the overall survival of mice with these tumors [84].”
BackgroundCycling molecular assemblies for Golgi imaging and disruption
Tan, W., Zhang, Q., Liu, Z., Qiu, K., Mahajan, D., Gerton, T. J., Copperman, N., Dresselhaus, E. C., Xia, C., Lin, C., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-68768-8 · Cited by 8
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Cavarzerani, E., Caligiuri, I., Bartoletti, M., Corona, G., Perin, T., Palumbo, A., Ditto, A., Occhiali, T., Canzonieri, V., & Rizzolio, F. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2025.08.009 · Cited by 6
“This platform enabled the identification of an effective combination therapy for the CCNE1-amplified HGSOC subtype [20].”
Oyelakin, A., Sosa, J., Nayak, K. B., Glathar, A. R., Gluck, C. B., Sethi, I., Tsompana, M., Nowak, N. J., Buck, M. J., Romano, R., et al. (2023) · NAR Cancer · doi:10.1093/narcan/zcad038 · Cited by 6
Profiling extracellular vesicles in circulation enables the early detection of ovarian cancerPreprint
Jo, A., Green, A., Medina, J. E., Iyer, S., Öhman, A., McCarthy, E. T., Reinhardt, F., Gerton, T. J., Demehin, D., Mishra, R. K., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524549 · Cited by 5
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“Unfortunately, the preclinical models required to address questions regarding the contributions of specific HGSC-specific characteristics to immune evasion have been limited until now [9].”
Transglutaminase 2 regulates ovarian cancer metastasis by modulating the immune microenvironment
Ibrahim, D., Grondin, M., Galpin, K. J. C., Asif, S., Thompson, E., Nersesian, S., Abou‐Hamad, J., Echaibi, M., Rodriguez, G. M., Navals, P., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1639853 · Cited by 3
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Gupta, R., Shravan, S., Agwane, S. B., Bankar, R., & Bapat, S. A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-18264-8 · Cited by 3
Immunocompetent C57BL/6 syngeneic mouse ovarian cancer models with defined genetic alterations
Agadjanian, H., Karlan, B. Y., Walsh, C., & Oršulić, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-18960-5 · Cited by 3
“This structure allowed for a detailed analysis of how specific genetic alterations contribute to tumor growth and therapeutic responses, all thoroughly described in a single publication 14 .”
Myeloid diversity in tumors: Shaped by genes, location, and time
Nogales-Pons, M., Munárriz-Paños, M., Aceña-Gonzalo, T., & Casanova-Acebes, M. (2026) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20252267 · Cited by 3
Biomaterial considerations for ovarian cancer models
Kramer, M., Criswell, A., & Sewell-Loftin, M. K. (2023) · Frontiers in Materials · doi:10.3389/fmats.2023.1223276 · Cited by 3
Szulta, A., Wang, L., Hasan, A., Kinter, M. T., Pranay, A., Zhu, J., Humphries, K. M., Loveland, B. L., Griffin, T. M., & Bieniasz, M. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17121942 · Cited by 3
“Here, to expand our studies exploring the impact of SDHA overexpression on tumor biology, we obtained innovative ovarian cancer cell lines derived from murine fallopian tube epithelium (mFTE) from Dr. Weinberg [21].”
Assessing Preclinical Research Models for Immunotherapy for Gynecologic Malignancies
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Proteomics discovery of MTDH and SND1 interaction vulnerabilities in ovarian cancer
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“The results in both showed Bliss scores > 0, indicating synergy 41”
Miyamoto, T., Ye, Y., Soliman, M. M. H., Manning, B. S., Murphy, B., Zhu, L., Shao, C., Mirji, G., Minakuchi, M., Hamada, K., et al. (2026) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2025-014253 · Cited by 2
Experimental Modeling and Treatment Strategies for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
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Molecular insights into the unique properties of the blood‐circulating proteasome
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Cudmore, A. O., Rodriguez, G. M., Maranda, V., Boroujeni, S. F., Murshed, H., Macdonald, E. A., Grondin, M., Garson, K., Matuszewska, K., Diallo, J., et al. (2025) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-24-0906 · Cited by 2
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“B-FST OE ) rendered it resistant to PPC treatment [16].”
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“Immuno-oncology regimens, which reverse the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment, may unleash the immune system against cancer cells (Iyer et al., 2021).”
BackgroundCD47 predominates over CD24 as a macrophage immune checkpoint in cancerPreprint
Allen, J., Meglan, A., Vaccaro, K., Velarde, J., Chen, V., Ribeiro, J., Blandin, J., Gupta, S., Mishra, R. K., Ho, R., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.625185 · Cited by 2
Models of High-Grade Serous Ovarian CarcinomaPreprint
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Ovarian Cancer and the Environment: Rodent Models
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Tumor Microenvironment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
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Insights from three decades of BRCA1/2 modeling in mice
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“Mouse FTSECs harboring specific genetic alterations were then propagated in syngeneic immunocompetent mice to study the unique immune environment of BRCA1 / 2 -associated HGSOC to identify treatment strategies and therapeutic targets 43 .”
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Next generation mouse models of squamous cell lung cancer for translational immuno-oncology
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“22 Several recent single-cell studies performed by us and others on human tumors and mouse 520 models identified diverse CAF subtypes in breast, pancreatic, ovarian and prostate cancers 521 [8, 10, 28, 84-86].”
BackgroundShakfa, N. E., Li, D., Conseil, G., Lightbody, E. D., Wilson‐Sanchez, J., Hamade, A., Chenard, S. W., Laight, B. J., Afriyie-Asante, A., Tyryshkin, K., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497846 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Iyer, S., Zhang, S., Yucel, S., Horn, H., Smith, S. G., Reinhardt, F., Hoefsmit, E., Assatova, B., Casado, J., Meinsohn, M.-C., Barrasa, M. I., Bell, G. W., Pérez-Villatoro, F., Huhtinen, K., Hynninen, J., Oikkonen, J., Galhenage, P. M., Pathania, S., Hammond, P. T., Neel, B. G., Farkkila, A., Pépin, D., & Weinberg, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- 1Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Harvard University (US)
- 6Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- University of Turku (FI)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pépin, David
- Weinberg, Robert A.
- ORCID
- Iyer, Sonia
- Zhang, Shuang
- Horn, Heiko
- Smith, Sean G.
- Assatova, Bimarzhan
- Casado, Julia
- Meinsohn, Marie-Charlotte
- Barrasa, M. Inmaculada
- Bell, George W.
- Pérez-Villatoro, Fernando
- Huhtinen, Kaisa
- Hynninen, Johanna
- Oikkonen, Jaana
- Galhenage, Pamoda M.
- Pathania, Shailja
- Hammond, Paula T.
- Neel, Benjamin G.
- Farkkila, Anniina
- Pépin, David
- Weinberg, Robert A.
- Venue
- Cancer Discovery
- Published
- 2021-02-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 384-407
- ISSN
- 2159-8274 (ISSN-L)
- 2159-8290
- PMC
- PMC8344888
- OpenAlex
- W3097756289
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 13
- FWCI
- 12.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cancer Discovery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UTUPub (University of Turku) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (R01 CA0784561, P01 CA080111)
- Ovarian Cancer Research Program (W81XWH-17-1-0212)
- US Army Medical Research (21702-5014)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › BRCA gene mutations in cancer
- Keywords
- high-grade serous ovarian cancer, syngeneic mouse model, genetically engineered mouse models, combination immunotherapy, immunotherapy resistance, immune checkpoint inhibitors, follistatin, homologous recombination deficiency, BRCA1, PTEN, neurofibromatosis type 1, c-Myc, cyclin E1, KRAS G12V, BRD4, SMARCA4, tumor microenvironment, immunotherapy response prediction
- MeSH terms
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Therapy, Combination, Fallopian Tube Neoplasms, Female, Mice, Transgenic, Ovarian Neoplasms, Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous
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