Repurposing Itraconazole and Hydroxychloroquine to Target Lysosomal Homeostasis in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
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Abstract
Drug repurposing is an attractive option for oncology drug development. Itraconazole is an antifungal ergosterol synthesis inhibitor that has pleiotropic actions including cholesterol antagonism, inhibition of Hedgehog and mTOR pathways. We tested a panel of 28 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cell lines with itraconazole to define its spectrum of activity. To identify synthetic lethality in combination with itraconazole, a whole-genome drop-out genome-scale clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats sensitivity screen in two cell lines (TOV1946 and OVCAR5) was performed. On this basis, we conducted a phase I dose-escalation study assessing the combination of itraconazole and hydroxychloroquine in patients with platinum refractory EOC (NCT03081702). We identified a wide spectrum of sensitivity to itraconazole across the EOC cell lines. Pathway analysis showed significant involvement of lysosomal compartments, the trans-golgi network and late endosomes/lysosomes; similar pathways are phenocopied by the autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine. We then demonstrated that the combination of itraconazole and chloroquine displayed Bliss defined synergy in EOC cancer cell lines. Furthermore, there was an association of cytotoxic synergy with the ability to induce functional lysosome dysfunction, by chloroquine. Within the clinical trial, 11 patients received at least one cycle of itraconazole and hydroxychloroquine. Treatment was safe and feasible with the recommended phase II dose of 300 and 600 mg twice daily, respectively. No objective responses were detected. Pharmacodynamic measurements on serial biopsies demonstrated limited pharmacodynamic impact. In vitro, itraconazole and chloroquine have synergistic activity and exert a potent antitumor effect by affecting lysosomal function. The drug combination had no clinical antitumor activity in dose escalation. Significance: The combination of the antifungal drug itraconazole with antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine leads to a cytotoxic lysosomal dysfunction, supporting the rational for further research on lysosomal targeting in ovarian cancer.
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During the clinical trial, 11 patients were administered ITZ and hydroxychloroquine for at least one cycle.
“During the clinical trial, 11 patients were administered ITZ and hydroxychloroquine for at least one cycle.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
By altering lysosomal function, ITZ and chloroquine have synergistic efficacy and a strong anticancer effect in vitro.
“By altering lysosomal function, ITZ and chloroquine have synergistic efficacy and a strong anticancer effect in vitro.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
In EOC cancer cell lines, ITZ and chloroquine exhibited a Bliss-defined synergy.
“This study then showed that in EOC cancer cell lines, ITZ and chloroquine exhibited a Bliss-defined synergy.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
Limited pharmacodynamic influence was shown by pharmacodynamic assessments on successive biopsies.
“Limited pharmacodynamic influence was shown by pharmacodynamic assessments on successive biopsies.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
The trans-Golgi network, late endosomes/lysosomes, and lysosomal compartments were significantly involved in the pathway analysis; the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine exhibits similar pathways.
“The trans-Golgi network, late endosomes/lysosomes, and lysosomal compartments were found to be significantly involved in the pathway analysis; the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine exhibits similar pathways.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
There were no unbiased answers found.
“There were no unbiased answers found.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
There was a broad range of ITZ sensitivity in the EOC cell lines.
“They discovered a broad range of ITZ sensitivity in the EOC cell lines.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
Cytotoxic synergy was linked to chloroquine's capacity to cause functional lysosome malfunction.
“Additionally, cytotoxic synergy was linked to chloroquine's capacity to cause functional lysosome malfunction.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
With the suggested phase II dosage of 300 and 600 mg twice daily, treatment was both safe and practical.
“With the suggested phase II dosage of 300 and 600 mg twice daily, respectively, treatment was both safe and practical.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
When the dosage was increased, the medication combination showed no clinical anticancer efficacy.
“When the dosage was increased, the medication combination showed no clinical anticancer efficacy.”
From Itraconazole as a repurposed anti-cancer agent: focusing on synthesis, mechanisms of action and therapeutic insights (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
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- Authors
- Marastoni, S., Madariaga, A., Pesic, A., Nair, S. N., Li, Z. J., Shalev, Z., Ketela, T., Colombo, I., Mandilaras, V., Cabanero, M., Bruce, J. P., Li, X., Garg, S., Wang, L., Chen, E. X., Gill, S., Dhani, N. C., Zhang, W., Pintilie, M., Bowering, V., Koritzinsky, M., Rottapel, R., Wouters, B. G., Oza, A. M., Joshua, A. M., & Lheureux, S.
- Affiliations
- University Health Network (CA)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (CA)
- Toronto General Hospital (CA)
- 1Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 2Division of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Corresponding author
- Joshua, Anthony M.
- ORCID
- Marastoni, Stefano
- Madariaga, Ainhoa
- Pesic, Aleksandra
- Nair, Sree Narayanan
- Li, Zhu Juan
- Shalev, Zvi
- Ketela, Troy
- Colombo, Ilaria
- Mandilaras, Victoria
- Cabanero, Michael
- Bruce, Jeff P.
- Li, Xuan
- Garg, Swati
- Wang, Lisa
- Chen, Eric X.
- Dhani, Neesha C.
- Bowering, Valerie
- Koritzinsky, Marianne
- Rottapel, Robert
- Wouters, Bradly G.
- Oza, Amit M.
- Joshua, Anthony M.
- Venue
- Cancer Research Communications
- Published
- 2022-05-04
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 293-306
- ISSN
- 2767-9764 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9981200
- OpenAlex
- W4224857498
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 2.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cancer Research Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Government of Ontario (OICR-TRI-Ovarian)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism
- Keywords
- itraconazole, hydroxychloroquine, drug repurposing, epithelial ovarian cancer, lysosomal dysfunction, lysosomal homeostasis, synthetic lethality, chloroquine, synergistic cytotoxicity, late endosomes, trans-Golgi network, platinum-refractory ovarian cancer, pharmacodynamics
- MeSH terms
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial, Antifungal Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Chloroquine, Female, Homeostasis, Humans, Hydroxychloroquine, Lysosomes, Ovarian Neoplasms, Itraconazole, Drug Repositioning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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