Cited by 904Family Dynamics and RelationshipsAttachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Theorizing the father–child relationship: mechanisms and developmental outcomes

Paquette, Daniel·2004·Human Development

DOI 10.1159/000078723

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Abstract

The aim of this article is to propose a theorization of the father-child relationship based on our current understanding of attachment, interactions between fathers and their young children, and human-specific adaptations. The comparison of mother-child and father-child interactions suggests that fathers play a particularly important role in the development of children’s openness to the world. Men seem to have a tendency to excite, surprise, and momentarily destabilize children; they also tend to encourage children to take risks, while at the same time ensuring the latter’s safety and security, thus permitting children to learn to be braver in unfamiliar situations, as well as to stand up for themselves. But this dynamic can only be effective in the context of an emotional bond between father and child; this relationship is termed the father-child activation relationship, in contrast to the mother-child attachment relationship aimed at calming and comforting children in times of stress. The activation relationship is developed primarily through physical play. It is postulated, in particular, that father-child rough-and-tumble play encourages obedience and the development of competition skills in children.

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Abla, A. A., Wait, S. D., Forbes, J. A., Pati, S. B. B., Johnsonbaugh, R. E., Kerrigan, J., & Ng, Y. (2011) · Neurosurgical FOCUS · doi:10.3171/2010.12.focus10235 · Cited by 17
Parent–Infant Rough Play: Its Cultural Specificity
Roopnarine, J. L., Ahmeduzzaman, M., Hossain, Z., & Riegraf, N. B. (1992) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1207/s15566935eed0304_3 · Cited by 14
Reflections on the origin of the human pair-bond
Shepher, J. (1978) · Journal of Social and Biological Systems · doi:10.1016/0140-1750(78)90025-8 · Cited by 13
Play in the context of the family.
Levine, J. B. (1988) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0080492 · Cited by 13
FATHER-SON INTER-GENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF AUTHORITARIAN PATERNAL ATTITUDES
Peretti, P. O., & Statum, J. A. (1984) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.1984.12.1.85 · Cited by 11
Contributions paternelles au développement cognitif de l'enfant dans la deuxième année
Labrell, F. (1992) · Cited by 10
Infant-Father Attachment Relationship: Sensitive Challenges during Play with Toddler Is the Pivotal Feature.
Grossmann, K. (1997) · Cited by 8
A Comparative and Longitudinal Study of the Behavior of Communally Raised Children
Plattner, S., & Minturn, L. (1975) · Ethos · doi:10.1525/eth.1975.3.4.02a00010 · Cited by 4
Du pere aux pairs ou l'influence des modes d'engagement du pere sur le comportement affectif et social du jeune enfant
Bourçois, V. (1993) · Cited by 4
L'évolution des soins paternels chez les primates et les hominidés
Mehlman, P. T. (2003) · Anthropologie et Sociétés · doi:10.7202/015042ar · Cited by 3

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 136 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 22

10.2307%2F1131510 · DOI
10.1037%2F%2F0012-1649.20.6.995 · DOI
10.2307%2F1132081 · DOI
10.1037%2F%2F0012-1649.14.2.183 · DOI
10.2307%2F1129974 · DOI
10.1037%2F%2F0033-2909.126.1.55 · DOI
10.2307%2F1131010 · DOI
10.1037%2F%2F0033-2909.102.2.187 · DOI
10.1037%2F%2F0012-1649.21.1.56 · DOI
10.1037%2F%2F0012-1649.13.6.637 · DOI
10.1037%2F%2F0893-3200.2.2.164 · DOI
10.2307%2F1129839 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037%2F%2F0012-1649.15.3.256 · DOI
10.1037%2F%2F0012-1649.23.5.705 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037%2F%2F0003-066X.44.2.329 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037%2F%2F0012-1649.24.6.802 · DOI · Paper page
10.2307%2F1132187 · DOI
10.1037%2F%2F0012-1649.18.4.635 · DOI
10.1037%2F%2F0022-006X.64.1.8 · DOI
10.2307%2F1131191 · DOI
10.1037%2F%2F0012-1649.20.3.492 · DOI
10.1037%2F%2F0012-1649.28.4.700 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Parental Social Support and the Physical Activity-Related Behaviors of Youth: A Review
Beets, M. W., Cardinal, B. J., & Alderman, B. L. (2010) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198110363884 · Cited by 665
“This overt behavior is supported in analyses of father–child interactions, with father–child activity characterized by more physical play-type activities (e.g., rough and tumble play; MacDonald & Parke, 1986; Paquette, 2004).”
Fathers' role in the etiology, prevention and treatment of child anxiety: A review and new model
Bögels, S. M., & Phares, V. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.011 · Cited by 571
“Also, fathers tend to engage infants in non-object mediated interaction, which is more physical, exciting and unpredictable (see Paquette, 2004).”
Influential
The Ecology of Father‐Child Relationships: An Expanded Model
Cabrera, N., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bradley, R. H., & Roggman, L. A. (2014) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12054 · Cited by 524
“very thoughtful efforts, there is still no comprehensive theoretical framework to guide the next generation of research on what fathering is, why fathers parent in the manner they do, and how paternal actions directly and indirectly help determine children’s development (Lamb, 1997; Palkovitz, 2002; Paquette, 2004; Pl…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Research Review: The relation between child and parent anxiety and parental control: a meta‐analytic review
van der Bruggen, C. O., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Bögels, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01898.x · Cited by 441
Paternal involvement: Revised conceptualization and theoretical linkages with child outcomes.
Pleck, J. H. (2010) · Cited by 419

See all 904

Authors: Paquette, D.
Affiliations: Université de Montréal (CA)
Corresponding author: Paquette, Daniel
ORCID: Paquette, Daniel
Venue: Human Development
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Published: 2004
Volume: 47
Issue: 4
Pages: 193-219
ISSN: 0018-716X (ISSN-L)
1423-0054
DOI: 10.1159/000078723
OpenAlex: W2030787081
Cited by: 904
References: 136
Citations by year: 2026: 60 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 18.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (vor)
www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (tdm)
Locations: Human Development (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: father-child relationship, attachment, father-child interaction, maternal attachment, rough-and-tumble play, physical play, child development, openness to the world, risk-taking, affective bonds, obedience

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Theorizing the father–child relationship: mechanisms and developmental outcomes

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