Cited by 393Glycosylation and Glycoproteins ResearchAllergic Rhinitis and SensitizationFood Allergy and Anaphylaxis Research

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The Role of Protein Glycosylation in Allergy

Altmann, Friedrich·2007·International Archives of Allergy and Immunology

DOI 10.1159/000096114

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Abstract

The asparagine-linked carbohydrate moieties of plant and insect glycoproteins are the most abundant environmental immune determinants. They are the structural basis of what is known as cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). Despite some structural variation, the two main motifs are the xylose and the core-3-linked fucose, which form the essential part of two independent epitopes. Plants contain both epitopes, insect glycoproteins only fucose. These epitopes and other fucosylated determinants are also found in helminth parasites where they exert remarkable immunomodulatory effects. About 20% or more of allergic patients generate specific anti-glycan IgE, which is often accompanied by IgG. Even though antibody-binding glycoproteins are widespread in pollens, foods and insect venoms, CCDs do not appear to cause clinical symptoms in most, if not all patients. When IgE binding is solely due to CCDs, a glycoprotein allergen thus can be rated as clinical irrelevant allergen. Low binding affinity between IgE and plant N-glycans now drops out as a plausible explanation for the benign nature of CCDs. This rather may result from blocking antibodies induced by an incidental ‘immune therapy’ (‘glyco-specific immune therapy’) exerted by everyday contact with plant materials, e.g. fruits or vegetables. The need to detect and suppress anti-CCD IgE without interference from peptide epitopes can be best met by artificial glycoprotein allergens. Hydroxyproline-linked arabinose (single β-arabinofuranosyl residues) has been identified as a new IgE-binding carbohydrate epitope in the major mugwort allergen. However, currently the occurrence of this O-glycan determinant appears to be rather restricted.

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Specific IgE to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants strongly affect the in vitro diagnosis of allergic diseases
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“, 2009) and those produced in plants which are non-sialylated and append the non-human -1,2 xylose and -1,3 fucose containing glycans (Altmann, 2007).”
Background
Formation of the immunogenic α1,3-fucose epitope: elucidation of substrate specificity and of enzyme mechanism of core fucosyltransferase A.
Kötzler, M. P., Blank, S., Behnken, H. N., Alpers, D., Bantleon, F., Spillner, E., & Meyer, B. (2012) · Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.11.004 · Cited by 10
“(Altmann, 2007) Although immunomodulation and adjuvant effects have been reported, the impact of these glycotopes for biology, pathogenesis and clinical outcome of disease and therapy is not fully understood.”
Background
Suitability of Different Glycoproteins and Test Systems for Detecting Cross-Reactive Carbohydrate Determinant-Specific IgE in Hymenoptera Venom-Allergic Patients
Mertens, M., & Brehler, R. (2011) · International Archives of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1159/000322279 · Cited by 10
The role of cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants in the diagnosis of occupational allergy
Quirce, S., & Salcedo, G. (2010) · Clinical and Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03537.x · Cited by 10
Analytical criteria for performance characteristics of IgE binding methods for evaluating safety of biotech food products.
Holzhauser, T., van Ree, R., Poulsen, L., & Bannon, G. (2008) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.026 · Cited by 10
Human IgE Antibodies Against Cross-Reactive Carbohydrate Determinants
Hemmer, W. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0870-3_8 · Cited by 10
“CCDs are produced by virtually all seed-bearing plants and probably also by nonSpermatophyta like horsetails and ferns (Altmann 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Ensuring the Safe Use of Bee Products: A Review of Allergic Risks and Management
Matuszewska-Mach, E., Borysewicz, P., Królak, J., Juzwa-Sobieraj, M., & Matysiak, J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262412074 · Cited by 9
IgE to cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) in childhood: Prevalence, risk factors, putative origins
Potapova, E., Tripodi, S., Panetta, V., Dramburg, S., Bernardini, R., Caffarelli, C., Casani, A., Cervone, R., Chini, L., Comberiati, P., et al. (2024) · Clinical and Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/cea.14439 · Cited by 9
Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and allergenic invertebrates putatively due to shared glycanic epitopes
El-Faham, M. H., Gai, F., Igetei, J. E., Richter, S., Falcone, F. H., Schramm, G., & Doenhoff, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59892-6 · Cited by 9
Comparability and quality of IgE-based in vitro allergy diagnosis: 25 years of external quality assessment
Koch, L., & Aberer, W. (2014) · Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-014-0594-5 · Cited by 9
Allergenicity Assessment of a Genetically Modified Protein-Recombinant Human Lactoferrin
Zhou, C., Sun, N., Wang, J., Lu, J., Tian, J., Goodman, R., Li, N., Che, H., & Huang, K.-L. (2013) · Journal of Allergy & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6121.s3-002 · Cited by 9
“Importantly, neither glycan structures (fucose and xylose substitutions at specific sites) that are known to be responsible for irrelevant IgE binding in some subjects [35] nor alpha-galactose that has been demonstrated to cause adverse immunological reactions [36] was detected on rhLF [37].”
Background
Cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants in diagnostics of occupational allergy – preliminary results
Wiszniewska, M., Zgorzelska-Kowalik, J., Nowakowska-Swirta, E., Palczynski, C., & Walusiak-Skorupa, J. (2010) · Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02219.x · Cited by 9
The Use of Plant Viral Nanoparticles in Cancer Biotherapy—A Review
Komane, M. D., Kayoka-Kabongo, P., & Rutkowska, D. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17020218 · Cited by 8
“Only weak and transient immunological responses (IgG and IgE) were observed against common plant glycans, and no subject developed IgE responses against the MMFX or MUFX motifs associated with hypersensitivity reactions [129,130].”
The Acari Hypothesis, II: Interspecies Operability of Pattern Recognition Receptors
Retzinger, A. C., & Retzinger, G. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10091220 · Cited by 8
Correlative Fluorescence and Scanning Electron Microscopy of Labelled Core Fucosylated Glycans Using Cryosections Mounted on Carbon-Patterned Glass Slides
Vancová, M., & Nebesářová, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145034 · Cited by 8
Tropomyosin contains IgE-binding epitopes sensitive to periodate but not to enzymatic deglycosylation.
Ruan, W., Cao, M., Chen, F., Cai, Q.-F., Su, W., Wang, Y.-Z., & Liu, G.-M. (2013) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12169 · Cited by 8
Six years of INSTAND e. V. sIgE proficiency testing: an evaluation of in vitro allergy diagnostics
Wojtalewicz, N., Goseberg, S., Kabrodt, K., & Schellenberg, I. (2017) · Allergo Journal · doi:10.1007/s15007-017-1297-9 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, cross-reactive carbohydrate structures (CCDs) present a serious problem in the hymenoptera venom allergy diagnostic [28, 29] and they can react to dierent hymenoptera venoms as well as to other allergen sources [30, 31, 32].”
Background
A systematic assessment of structural heterogeneity and IgG/IgE-binding of ovalbumin.
Yang, W.-H., Tu, Z., Mcclements, D., & Kaltashov, I. A. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo02980g · Cited by 7
Prick and Intracutaneous Testing and IgE Testing
Mahler, V. (2019) · Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68617-2_84 · Cited by 7
Molecular profiles: a new tool to substantiate serum banks for evaluation of potential allergenicity of GMO.
Barber, D., Rodríguez, R., & Salcedo, G. (2008) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.022 · Cited by 7
“Therefore, the above-mentioned sera were screened with rPru p 3 (peach LTP), rMal d 4 (apple profilin) and horseradish peroxidase, a potential marker of cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) (Altmann, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Immunoglobulin E-reactive proteins in cashew (Anacardium occidentale) apple juice concentrate.
Comstock, S., Robotham, J., Tawde, P., Kshirsagar, H. H., Sathe, S., Roux, K., & Teuber, S. (2008) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf8011618 · Cited by 7
Hairy Roots as Bioreactors for the Production of Biopharmaceuticals
Donini, M., & Marusic, C. (2018) · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2562-5_9 · Cited by 7
Subcellular Targeting of Proteins Involved in Modification of Plant N- and O-Glycosylation.
Dicker, M., Schoberer, J., Vavra, U., & Strasser, R. (2015) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2760-9_18 · Cited by 7
Evaluating the Pathogenic Potential of IgE Targeting Cross-Reactive Carbohydrate Determinants in Dogs
Olivry, T., Fontao, A. M., Widorn, L., & Mueller, R. S. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14223275 · Cited by 6
“…rst, abbreviated as MUXF3, only has two terminal The “classical” plant CCDs have two crucial additions to the basic glycan core: a xylose with a β 1,2 linkage to the most proximal mannose and a fucose attached with a α 1,3 linkage to the proximal N-acetylglucosamine (Figure 1) [2,3]. mannose and…”
Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants in atopic and healthy dogs and their influence on allergy test specificity.
Kasper, B., Boehm, T. M. S. A., Fritzenschaft, N., & Mueller, R. S. (2023) · The Veterinary Record · doi:10.1002/vetr.3308 · Cited by 6
The Structural Difference of Isobaric N-Glycans of Two Microalgae Samples Reveals Taxonomic Distance
Mócsai, R., Kaehlig, H., Blaukopf, M., Stadlmann, J., Kosma, P., & Altmann, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.643249 · Cited by 6
“This mass is known from land plants, where it derives from a glycan with two N-acetyl glucosamines, two mannoses, a xylose, and a fucose, the so-called MUXF3 structure (Altmann, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
More comprehensive standards for monitoring glycosylation.
Guo, J.-Z., Tu, H., Rao, B. M., Chillara, A. K., Chang, E., & Atouf, F. (2020) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2020.113896 · Cited by 6
“Assessing minor N-glycans linked to a biologic during its production has clear benefits for a manufacturer [40,41].”
Background
Engineering Mammalian Cells to Produce Plant-Specific N-glycosylation on Proteins.
Larsen, J. S., Karlsson, R., Tian, W.-H., Schulz, M. A., Matthes, A., Clausen, H., Petersen, B., & Yang, Z. (2020) · Glycobiology · doi:10.1093/glycob/cwaa009 · Cited by 6
Single‐Use Processing as a Safe and Convenient Way to Develop and Manufacture Moss‐Derived Biopharmaceuticals
Niederkrüger, H., Busch, A., Dabrowska-Schlepp, P., Krieghoff, N., Schaaf, A., & Frischmuth, T. (2019) · Single‐Use Technology in Biopharmaceutical Manufacture · doi:10.1002/9781119477891.ch28 · Cited by 6
Synthesis of mono- and di-α-l-fucosylated 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-N-glycyl-β-d-glucopyranosylamines modeling N-glycoprotein carbohydrate-peptide bond region based on 2-acetamido-N-(N-tert-butyloxycarbonylglycyl)-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosylamine
Likhosherstov, L. M., Novikova, O., Malysheva, N. N., & Piskarev, V. (2015) · Russian chemical bulletin · doi:10.1007/s11172-015-1030-3 · Cited by 6
Proteomic‐based Techniques for the Characterization of Food Allergens
Picariello, G., Mamone, G., Addeo, F., Nitride, C., & Ferranti, P. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118537282.ch3 · Cited by 6
Basophil activation test is better but not good enough for the diagnosis of hymenoptera venom allergy: the problem of cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants
Altmann, F. (2010) · Clinical and Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03569.x · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Glycan Microarray Analysis of Tumor-Associated Antibodies
Blixt, O., Boos, I., & Mandel, U. (2012) · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0870-3_12 · Cited by 6
Characteristics of N-Glycosylation and Its Impact on the Molecular Behavior of Lupinus angustifolius γ-Conglutin.
Czubiński, J., Lattová, E., Zdráhal, Z., & Strasser, R. (2023) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00727 · Cited by 5
Cross-Reactive Carbohydrate Determinant in Apis mellifera, Solenopsis invicta and Polybia paulista Venoms: Identification of Allergic Sensitization and Cross-Reactivity
Abram, D. M., Fernandes, L. G. R., Perez-Riverol, A., Brochetto-Braga, M. R., & Zollner, R. D. L. (2020) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins12100649 · Cited by 5
“CCDs are present in glycosylated proteins, and the glycosylation process occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi complex by the addition of carbohydrates to specific amino acid residues of proteins [12].”
Background
Physical and biochemical characteristics of allergens
Jeong, K. (2016) · Allergy Asthma & Respiratory Disease · doi:10.4168/aard.2016.4.3.157 · Cited by 5
“알레르기 증상이 없는 사람의 25%와 20% 이상의 알레르기 환자에서 글리칸에 대한 IgE가 검출되지만 대부분의 경우 알레르기 증상과는 상관이 없다.(73) 특히, 꽃가루 알 레르기 환자의 약 30%–55%에서 글리칸에 대한 IgE 항체가 검출된 다.”
Minimizing fucosylation in insect cell‐derived glycoproteins reduces binding to IgE antibodies from the sera of patients with allergy
Palmberger, D., Ashjaei, K., Strell, S., Hoffmann-Sommergruber, K., & Grabherr, R. (2014) · doi:10.1002/biot.201300061 · Cited by 5
Influence of protein expression system on elicitation of IgE antibody responses: experience with lactoferrin.
Almond, R., Flanagan, B., Kimber, I., & Dearman, R. (2012) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.018 · Cited by 5
IgE Antibodies: Generation and Function
Lafaille, J., & de Lafaille, M. (2015) · Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13725-4 · Cited by 5
Recombinant IgE‐Reactive Functional Can f 5 Devoid of Cross‐Reactive Carbohydrate Determinants
Kozlov, E., Trifonova, D., Dubovets, A., Usanova, A., Tulaeva, I., Gattinger, P., Fomina, D., Hemmer, W., Gorokhovets, N., Valenta, R., et al. (2025) · Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1111/all.16465 · Cited by 4
“IgE reactivity to CCDs often has no clinical relevance and CCD-specific cross-reactive IgE may react with CCDs present in a variety of unrelated allergen sources so that it may obscure the genuinely sensitizing allergen source [6, 8].”
Differential prolyl hydroxylation by six Physcomitrella prolyl-4 hydroxylases
Rempfer, C., Hoernstein, S. N. W., van Gessel, N., Graf, A. W., Spiegelhalder, R. P., Bertolini, A., Bohlender, L. L., Parsons, J., Decker, E., & Reski, R. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2024.06.014 · Cited by 4
“Prolyl-hydroxylation and subsequent O -glycosylation on recombinant proteins can deteriorate plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs) because mammals may show an immune response against the arabinose residues of plant-specific O -glycans [2].”
Background
Helminth infection induces non-functional sensitization to house dust mites
Doyen, V., Truyens, C., Thi, H. N., Mong, H. T. T., Chi, T. L., Frederic de, B. L. A. Y., Huynh, P. T. N., Michel, O., & Corazza, F. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253887 · Cited by 5
“There is broad agreement from experimental studies and clinical practice that IgEs against CCDs lack clinical relevance [26].”
Background
Preparation of a polyclonal antibody that recognizes a unique galactoseβ1-4fucose disaccharide epitope.
Takeuchi, T., Nishiyama, K., Saito, S., Tamura, M., Fuwa, T. J., Nishihara, S., Takahashi, H., Natsugari, H., Arata, Y., & Kasai, K. (2015) · Carbohydrate Research · doi:10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.015 · Cited by 4
Synthesis of mono- and di-α-l-fucosylated 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-N-glycyl-β-d-glucopyranosylamines, spacered fragments of glycans of N-glycoproteins
Likhosherstov, L. M., Novikova, O., Malysheva, N., & Piskarev, V. (2015) · Russian chemical bulletin · doi:10.1007/s11172-015-0990-7 · Cited by 4
Biologic activity of cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants in heavy drinkers
González-Quintela, A., Valcárcel, C., Campos, J., Alonso, M., Sanz, M. L., & Vidal, C. (2011) · Clinical and Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03735.x · Cited by 4
BluePort: A Platform to Study the Eosinophilic Response of Mice to the Bite of a Vector of Leishmania Parasites, Lutzomyia longipalpis Sand Flies
Mejia, J. S., Toot-Zimmer, A. L., Schultheiss, P. C., Beaty, B. J., & Titus, R. G. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013546 · Cited by 4
“It has already been shown that structural similarity in fucosylated N-linked glycans synthesized by plants, insects and nematodes define one of the main cross-reactive epitopes recognized by antibodies of patients with allergies to foodstuff, pollen, insect bites and stings [40,41].”
Background
Structure and Biological Functions of Plant Glycans and Polysaccharides
Misaki, R., Fujiyama, K., & Kajiura, H. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819475-1.00101-2 · Cited by 4
Plant-Based Strategies for Vaccine Development: A Narrative Review of Recombinant Biofactories, Phytochemical Adjuvants, Innovative Delivery Systems, and Insights on Oral and Edible Vaccines
Najafi, K., Jojani, M., Najafi, S., & Roviello, G. (2026) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines14050391 · Cited by 3
“However, plant-specific modifications include the addition of β -1,2-linked xylose and core α -1,3-linked fucose, which are absent in humans, are potentially immunogenic, and may lead to the formation of anti-plant glycan antibodies [73].”
Glycosylation structure characterization and allergenicity analysis of sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein from Litopenaeus vannamei
Wang, C., Zhang, W., Wang, L., Wang, Y.-B., Fu, L., & Ding, Y.-T. (2024) · Results in Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101770 · Cited by 3
Identification and characterization of an α-1,3 mannosidase from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and its potential attenuation impact on allergy associated with cross-reactive carbohydratedeterminant.
Shen, D.-F., Lu, X.-R., Li, W., Zou, L., Tong, Y., Wang, L., Rao, L., Zhang, Y.-X., Hou, L.-L., Sun, G.-Q., et al. (2023) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.035 · Cited by 3
Characterization of serum N-glycome alterations in seasonal allergic rhinitis using MALDI-TOF-MS: A pilot study
Yaman, M., Avci, I., Atila, N. E., Atila, A., Kayılı, H. M., & Salih, B. (2021) · Journal of carbohydrate chemistry · doi:10.1080/07328303.2021.2009502 · Cited by 3
“They form the structural basis of a group known as cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs).([12]) Studies are showing that “foreign” N-glycan patterns (such as xylose and core-3 linked fucose) carried by these glycoproteins trigger an allergic reaction.”
Meeting technical challenges for protein characterization and surrogate equivalence studies that resulted from insecticidal protein co-expression in maize event MZIR098
Walters, F. S., Young, S. A., & Graser, G. (2019) · Transgenic research · doi:10.1007/s11248-019-00183-w · Cited by 3
“In general, there is a lack of consensus of the predictive value of considering the glycosylation status and any bearing on subsequent allergenicity of proteins (Altmann 2007; GarridoArandia et al. 2014; Valenta et al. 2015; Homann et al. 2017).”
Background
Immunotherapy
Damask, C. C. (2017) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.otc.2017.08.012 · Cited by 3
Aspects particuliers des allergies en Afrique sahélienne
Apoil, P., & Yacouba, T. (2017) · doi:10.1016/j.reval.2017.07.009 · Cited by 3
Sensitization to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants in 2 patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy and alcoholic cardiomyopathy.
Valcarcel, M., Vidal, C., Armisén, M., Rodríguez, V., & González-Quintela, A. (2012) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.06.036 · Cited by 3
Cross‐reactive antigens for natural IgE antibodies: allergens with the potential to transform a dormant to an active allergic response?
Baldo, B. (2012) · Clinical and Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03994.x · Cited by 3
The red meat allergy syndrome in Sweden
Apostolović, D., Tran, T. A. T., Starkhammar, M., Sánchez-Vidaurre, S., Hamsten, C., & van Hage, M. (2016) · Allergo Journal · doi:10.1007/s15007-016-1044-7 · Cited by 3
“e current estimate is that 15–30 % of allergic patients generate speci c anti-carbohydrate IgE antibodies [34], but this IgE response has very little clinical relevance [35].”
Background
The alpha-gal syndrome: Understanding the role of tick bites, and the delays in severe anaphylaxis.
Platts-Mills, T., Dunaway, C. A., Gangwar, R. S., Workman, L., & Wilson, J. M. (2026) · Allergy and Asthma Proceedings · doi:10.2500/aap.2026.47.260040 · Cited by 2
A De Novo Chemoenzymatic Assembly Strategy Enables the Efficient Preparation of a Large Core-Xylosylated N-Glycan Library for Probing Antibodies Against Schistosoma japonicum.
Wei, F., Tian, X., Mao, D.-Y., Dai, Y., Zhang, J.-B., & Wen, L. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/anie.5002594 · Cited by 2
Correlation Between N‐Glycan GnGnXF3 and the Allergic Immune Response Against Juniperus ashei Pollen
Álvarez, J., Parody, N., Calzada, D., Aranda, T., Renshaw, A., Serna, S., Reichardt, N., Beitia, J. M., González-de-Olano, D., Domínguez-Ortega, J., et al. (2025) · Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1111/all.16475 · Cited by 2
“…glycan moieties specific to J. ashei based on CCD structures showing only part of the total IgE-binding epitopes present in their allergens; moreover, MUXF3 CCD do not contribute to IgE cross-reactivity in Cupressaceae pollen, which appears contrasting to that recorded in other plant families [38].”

Authors: Altmann, F.
Affiliations: BOKU University (AT)
Corresponding author: Altmann, Friedrich
ORCID: Altmann, Friedrich
Venue: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Published: 2006-10-09
Volume: 142
Issue: 2
Pages: 99-115
ISSN: 1018-2438 (ISSN-L)
1423-0097
DOI: 10.1159/000096114
OpenAlex: W1976454430
Cited by: 393
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 1.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (vor)
www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (tdm)
Locations: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Research
Keywords: protein glycosylation, allergy, cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants, N-glycans, helminth immunomodulation, pollen allergens, insect venom, food allergens
MeSH terms: Allergens, Animals, Carbohydrate Conformation, Carbohydrates, Glycoproteins, Glycosylation, Humans, Hypersensitivity

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The Role of Protein Glycosylation in Allergy

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