The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
HPA and Immune Axes in Stress: Involvement of the Serotonergic System
Abstract
Chronic stress, by initiating changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system, acts as a trigger for anxiety and depression. There is experimental and clinical evidence that the rise in the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines and glucocorticoids, which occurs in a chronically stressful situation and also in depression, contributes to the behavioural changes associated with depression. A defect in serotonergic function is associated with these hormonal and immune changes. Neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdalae are the frequent outcomes of the changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system. Such changes may provide evidence for the link between chronic depression and dementia in later life.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Cytokines affect two biological systems that are most associated with the pathophysiology of depression: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the catecholamine/sympathetic nervous system.”
From Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: cause or consequence in that illness? (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
Citations
Cites
Lesch, K.-P., Bengel, D., Heils, A., Sabol, S. Z., Greenberg, B. D., Petri, S., Benjamin, J., Müller, C. R., Hamer, D. H., & Murphy, D. L. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5292.1527 · Cited by 5,162
A Syndrome produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents
Selye, H. (1936) · Nature · doi:10.1038/138032a0 · Cited by 3,967
The Concepts of Stress and Stress System Disorders: Overview of Physical and Behavioral Homeostasis
Chrousos, G. P. (1992) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480090092034 · Cited by 2,689
A molecular and cellular theory of depression
Duman, R. S. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190015002 · Cited by 2,129
Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders
Öngür, D., Drevets, W. C., & Price, J. L. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.22.13290 · Cited by 1,525
Rajkowska, G., Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J., Wei, J., Dilley, G., Pittman, S. D., Meltzer, H. Y., Overholser, J. C., Roth, B. L., & Stockmeier, C. A. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00041-4 · Cited by 1,477
Sheline, Y. I., Sanghavi, M., Mintun, M. A., & Gado, M. H. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-12-05034.1999 · Cited by 1,382 · cited 1×
“The microglia are known to produce both 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and quinolinic acid in depression, while the astrocytes produce mainly kynurenic acid. Astrocytes also metabolise quinolinic acid and thereby reduce the neurotoxic impact of microglia activation [”
BackgroundThe role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders
Arborelius, L., Owens, M., Plotsky, P., & Nemeroff, C. (1999) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1600001 · Cited by 1,378
Chalmers, D., Lovenberg, T. W., & Souza, E. D. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-10-06340.1995 · Cited by 925
A review of psychoendocrine research on the pituitary–adrenal cortical system
MASON, J. W. (1968) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-196809000-00020 · Cited by 874
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- 10.1001%2Farchinte.153.18.2093 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1176%2Fappi.ajgp.10.1.62 · DOI
- 10.1001%2Fjama.267.9.1244 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Clarke, G., Grenham, S., Scully, P., Fitzgerald, P., Moloney, R. D., Shanahan, F., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.77 · Cited by 1,893
Stress & the gut-brain axis: Regulation by the microbiome
Foster, J. A., Rinaman, L., & Cryan, J. F. (2017) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.001 · Cited by 1,150
Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test
Allen, A. P., Kennedy, P. J., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., & Clarke, G. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005 · Cited by 734
Proinflammatory cytokines in the prefrontal cortex of teenage suicide victims
Pandey, G. N., Rizavi, H. S., Ren, X., Fareed, J., Hoppensteadt, D. A., Roberts, R. C., Conley, R. R., & Dwivedi, Y. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.08.006 · Cited by 378
Effects of environmental change on wildlife health
Acevedo‐Whitehouse, K. A., & Duffus, A. L. J. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0128 · Cited by 388
Metadata
- Authors
- Leonard, B. E.
- Affiliations
- Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Leonard, Brian E.
- Venue
- Neuroimmunomodulation
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5-6
- Pages
- 268-276
- ISSN
- 1021-7401 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0216
- OpenAlex
- W2025883568
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImmunoModulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- chronic stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, immune system, serotonergic system, inflammatory cytokines, glucocorticoids, depression, anxiety, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, neurodegeneration, dementia
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Brain, Chronic Disease, Depression, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Nerve Degeneration, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Serotonin, Stress, Psychological, Cytokines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
