The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Inflammatory Cytokines in Heart Failure: Mediators and Markers
Abstract
Evidence from both experimental and clinical trials indicates that inflammatory mediators are of importance in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure (HF) contributing to cardiac remodeling and peripheral vascular disturbances. Several studies have shown raised levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in HF patients in plasma and circulating leukocytes, as well as in the failing myocardium itself. There is strong evidence that these mediators are involved in processes leading to cardiac remodeling such as hypertrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis. Some of these cytokines can also give useful prognostic information as reliable biomarkers in this disorder. In general, immunomodulating treatments have, with a few exceptions, been neutral or even harmful. However, the negative results of anti-TNF studies, for instance, do not necessarily argue against the ‘cytokine hypothesis’. These studies just underscore the challenges in developing treatment modalities that can modulate the cytokine network in HF patients and result in beneficial net effects. Future studies should identify the crucial actors and their mechanisms of action in the immunopathogenesis of chronic HF and, in particular, clarify the balance between adaptive and maladaptive effects of these molecules. Such studies are a prerequisite for the development of new treatment strategies that target inflammatory and immunopathogenic mechanisms in HF. In this review article, these issues are thoroughly discussed, and we also argue for the possibility of future therapeutic targets such as mediators in innate immunity, chemokines and mediators in matrix remodeling.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199811053391902 · Cited by 5,261
Osteoporosis: now and the future
Rachner, T. D., Khosla, S., & Hofbauer, L. C. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62349-5 · Cited by 2,696
The Inflammasomes: Guardians of the Body
Martinon, F., Mayor, A., & Tschopp, J. (2009) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132715 · Cited by 2,436
Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure
Kjekshus, J., Apetrei, E., Barrios, V., Böhm, M., Cleland, J. G. F., Cornel, J. H., Dunselman, P., Fonseca, C., Goudev, A., Grande, P., et al. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706201 · Cited by 1,487
Self-citationStatins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator.
Kwak, B., Mulhaupt, F., Myit, S., & Mach, F. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/82219 · Cited by 1,383
GISSI-HF investigators (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61240-4 · Cited by 1,106
Kawaguchi, M., Takahashi, M., Hata, T., Kashima, Y., Usui, F., Morimoto, H., Izawa, A., Takahashi, Y., Masumoto, J., Koyama, J., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.982777 · Cited by 884
Westermann, D., Lindner, D., Kasner, M., Zietsch, C., Savvatis, K., Escher, F., von Schlippenbach, J., Skurk, C., Steendijk, P., Riad, A., et al. (2011) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.109.931451 · Cited by 644
Impact of Oxypurinol in Patients With Symptomatic Heart Failure
Hare, J. M., Mangal, B., Brown, J., Fisher, C., Freudenberger, R., Colucci, W. S., Mann, D. L., Liu, P., Givertz, M. M., & Schwarz, R. P. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01.068 · Cited by 392
Cited by
Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure
Tang, W. H. W., Li, D. Y., & Hazen, S. L. (2019) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-018-0108-7 · Cited by 789
Bioanalytical Chemistry of Cytokines–a Review
Stenken, J. A., & Poschenrieder, A. J. (2015) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.009 · Cited by 302
Costanza, A. C., Moscavitch, S. D., Faria Neto, H. C. C., & Mesquita, E. T. (2015) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.034 · Cited by 182
Mechanobiology of myofibroblast adhesion in fibrotic cardiac disease
Schroer, A. K., & Merryman, W. D. (2015) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.162891 · Cited by 127
Matsuo, Y., Gleitsmann, K., Mangner, N., Werner, S., Fischer, T., Bowen, T. S., Kricke, A., Matsumoto, Y., Kurabayashi, M., Schuler, G., et al. (2015) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12006 · Cited by 100
Metadata
- Authors
- Gullestad, L., Ueland, T., Vinge, L. E., Finsen, A., Yndestad, A., & Aukrust, P.
- Venue
- Cardiology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-35
- ISSN
- 0008-6312 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9751
- OpenAlex
- W2064483592
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 18.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Inflammatory Cytokines in Heart Failure: Mediators and Markers. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1159/000338166
- The paper
- Gullestad, L., Ueland, T., Vinge, L. E., Finsen, A., Yndestad, A., & Aukrust, P. (2012). Inflammatory Cytokines in Heart Failure: Mediators and Markers. Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1159/000338166
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
