The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Estimating the Harms of Nicotine-Containing Products Using the MCDA Approach
Open accessAbstract
Background: An international expert panel convened by the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs developed a multi-criteria decision analysis model of the relative importance of different types of harm related to the use of nicotine-containing products. Method: The group defined 12 products and 14 harm criteria. Seven criteria represented harms to the user, and the other seven indicated harms to others. The group scored all the products on each criterion for their average harm worldwide using a scale with 100 defined as the most harmful product on a given criterion, and a score of zero defined as no harm. The group also assessed relative weights for all the criteria to indicate their relative importance. Findings: Weighted averages of the scores provided a single, overall score for each product. Cigarettes (overall weighted score of 100) emerged as the most harmful product, with small cigars in second place (overall weighted score of 64). After a substantial gap to the third-place product, pipes (scoring 21), all remaining products scored 15 points or less. Interpretation: Cigarettes are the nicotine product causing by far the most harm to users and others in the world today. Attempts to switch to non-combusted sources of nicotine should be encouraged as the harms from these products are much lower.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis
Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Phillips, L. D. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61462-6 · Cited by 1,681
Self-citationPharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis
Cahill, K., Stevens, S., Perera, R., & Lancaster, T. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009329.pub2 · Cited by 1,243
Multi-criteria analysis: a manual
Dodgson, J., Spackman, M., Pearman, A. D., & Phillips, L. (2009) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 756
Self-citationFarsalinos, K. E., & Polosa, R. (2014) · Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety · doi:10.1177/2042098614524430 · Cited by 594
Self-citationTobacco smoking using a waterpipe: a re-emerging strain in a global epidemic
Maziak, W., Ward, K. D., Afifi Soweid, R. A., & Eissenberg, T. (2004) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2004.008169 · Cited by 532
Waterpipe Tobacco and Cigarette Smoking
Eissenberg, T., & Shihadeh, A. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.014 · Cited by 472
Long-Term Consequences of Fetal and Neonatal Nicotine Exposure: A Critical Review
Bruin, J. E., Gerstein, H. C., & Holloway, A. C. (2010) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq103 · Cited by 366
Nicotine and nonnicotine factors in cigarette addiction
Rose, J. E. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0250-x · Cited by 349
Monoamine oxidase and cigarette smoking
Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Wang, G.-J., & Volkow, N. D. (2003) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/s0161-813x(02)00109-2 · Cited by 251
Cobb, C. O., Shihadeh, A., Weaver, M. F., & Eissenberg, T. (2010) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq212 · Cited by 249
Cited by
Abrams, D. B., Glasser, A. M., Pearson, J. L., Villanti, A. C., Collins, L. K., & Niaura, R. S. (2018) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013849 · Cited by 298
The Australian drug harms ranking study
Bonomo, Y., Norman, A., Biondo, S., Bruno, R., Daglish, M., Dawe, S., Egerton-Warburton, D., Karro, J., Kim, C., Lenton, S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119841569 · Cited by 154
Self-citationAzzopardi, D., Liu, C., & Murphy, J. (2022) · Drug and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1080/01480545.2021.1925691 · Cited by 150
Snus: a compelling harm reduction alternative to cigarettes
Clarke, E., Thompson, K., Weaver, S., Thompson, J., & O’Connell, G. (2019) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-019-0335-1 · Cited by 133
Murphy, J., Gaca, M., Lowe, F., Minet, E., Breheny, D., Prasad, K., Camacho, O., Fearon, I. M., Liu, C., Wright, C., et al. (2017) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.008 · Cited by 71
Metadata
- Authors
- Nutt, D. J., Phillips, L. D., Balfour, D., Curran, H. V., Dockrell, M., Foulds, J., Fagerstrom, K., Letlape, K., Milton, A., Polosa, R., Ramsey, J., & Sweanor, D.
- Venue
- European Addiction Research
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 218-225
- ISSN
- 1022-6877 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9891
- OpenAlex
- W2031527413
- Cited by
- 441
- References
- 25
- FWCI
- 25.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Estimating the Harms of Nicotine-Containing Products Using the MCDA Approach. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1159/000360220
- The paper
- Nutt, D. J., Phillips, L. D., Balfour, D., Curran, H. V., Dockrell, M., Foulds, J., Fagerstrom, K., Letlape, K., Milton, A., Polosa, R., Ramsey, J., & Sweanor, D. (2014). Estimating the Harms of Nicotine-Containing Products Using the MCDA Approach. European Addiction Research. https://doi.org/10.1159/000360220
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
