Extent of Nicotine and Cotinine Transfer to the Human Fetus, Placenta and Amniotic Fluid of Smoking Mothers

Nicotine and cotinine concentrations were measured in placental tissue during the first trimester, in amniotic fluid during the second trimester and in placental tissue and fetal serum at birth. These values were compared to the corresponding serum concentrations of the smoking mothers. Nicotine …