Cited by 406interferon and immune responsesRespiratory viral infections researchImmune Response and Inflammation

Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory RNA Viruses

Open access
Kikkert, Marjolein·2020·Journal of Innate Immunity

Abstract

The impact of respiratory virus infections on the health of children and adults can be very significant. Yet, in contrast to most other childhood infections as well as other viral and bacterial diseases, prophylactic vaccines or effective antiviral treatments against viral respiratory infections are either still not available, or provide only limited protection. Given the widespread prevalence, a general lack of natural sterilizing immunity, and/or high morbidity and lethality rates of diseases caused by influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses, this difficult situation is a genuine societal challenge. A thorough understanding of the virus-host interactions during these respiratory infections will most probably be pivotal to ultimately meet these challenges. This review attempts to provide a comparative overview of the knowledge about an important part of the interaction between respiratory viruses and their host: the arms race between host innate immunity and viral innate immune evasion. Many, if not all, viruses, including the respiratory viruses listed above, suppress innate immune responses to gain a window of opportunity for efficient virus replication and setting-up of the infection. The consequences for the host’s immune response are that it is often incomplete, delayed or diminished, or displays overly strong induction (after the delay) that may cause tissue damage. The affected innate immune response also impacts subsequent adaptive responses, and therefore viral innate immune evasion often undermines fully protective immunity. In this review, innate immune responses relevant for respiratory viruses with an RNA genome will briefly be summarized, and viral innate immune evasion based on shielding viral RNA species away from cellular innate immune sensors will be discussed from different angles. Subsequently, viral enzymatic activities that suppress innate immune responses will be discussed, including activities causing host shut-off and manipulation of stress granule formation. Furthermore, viral protease-mediated immune evasion and viral manipulation of the ubiquitin system will be addressed. Finally, perspectives for use of the reviewed knowledge for the development of novel antiviral strategies will be sketched.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1159/000503030

Cites

196 of 196 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • SARS-CoV-2 evades innate immunity through several mechanisms, suggesting innate responses are probably essential for protection.

    “Like other pathogenic respiratory RNA viruses (including other coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and enteroviruses)55, SARS-CoV-2 can evade innate immune responses via multiple mechanisms55,56, indicating that innate immunity is likely crucial for host protection54,57.”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kikkert, M.
Affiliations
Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
Corresponding author
Kikkert, Marjolein
Venue
Journal of Innate Immunity
Publisher
S. Karger AG
Published
2019-10-14
Volume
12
Issue
1
Pages
4-20
ISSN
  • 1662-811X (ISSN-L)
  • 1662-8128
OpenAlex
W2980654983
Cited by
406
References
196
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
FWCI
6.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Innate Immunity (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • Universiteit Leiden
  • Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Keywords
innate immune evasion, host-virus interaction, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, rhinovirus, stress granules, viral protease, antiviral strategies, innate immunity
MeSH terms
Host Microbial Interactions, Animals, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Respiratory Syncytial Viruses, Virus Replication, Signal Transduction, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections, Virus Internalization

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review