Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and– disease
Open accessAbstract
Training immune cells to remember: Classical immunological memory, carried out by T and B lymphocytes, ensures that we feel the ill effects of many pathogens only once. Netea et al. review how cells of the innate immune system, which lack the antigen specificity, clonality, and longevity of T cell and B cells, have some capacity to remember, too. Termed “trained immunity,” the property allows macrophages, monocytes, and natural killer cells to show enhanced responsiveness when they reencounter pathogens. Epigenetic changes largely drive trained immunity, which is shorter lived and less specific than classical memory but probably still gives us a leg up during many infections. Science , this issue p. 10.1126/science.aaf1098
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Increased phagocytosis following secondary heterologous exposure is a functional characteristic of trained immune cells.
“Increased phagocytosis following secondary heterologous exposure is a functional characteristic of trained immune cells [7].”
From Trained Immunity Provides Long-Term Protection against Bacterial Infections in Channel Catfish (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction describes increased responsiveness to secondary stimuli as a defining characteristic of trained immunity, and the ‘Innate immune cells that build innate immune memory’ section reports enhanced responses to unrelated pathogens or PAMPs. Our copy does not identify increased phagocytosis specifically as that response (no page numbers are available). (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBeta glucan exposure can induce these histone modifications in mammals via the dectin-1 receptor.
“Beta glucan exposure can induce these modifications in mammals, via the dectin-1 receptor [7,8,9].”
From Trained Immunity Provides Long-Term Protection against Bacterial Infections in Channel Catfish (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
The section on transcriptional and epigenetic reprogramming says β-glucan exposure in monocytes/macrophages is accompanied by epigenetic changes and can reduce the repressive histone mark H3K9me2. It does not say those histone changes occur via dectin-1; dectin-1 appears in a reference title, not as the mechanism for the changes described. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Netea, M. G., Joosten, L. A. B., Latz, E., Mills, K. H. G., Natoli, G., Stunnenberg, H. G., O’Neill, L. A. J., & Xavier, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- European Institute of Oncology (IT)
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
- Broad Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Netea, Mihai G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2016-04-22
- Volume
- 352
- Issue
- 6284
- Pages
- aaf1098-aaf1098
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC5087274
- OpenAlex
- W2336656712
- Cited by
- 2,768
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 357 · 2025: 269 · 2024: 281 · 2023: 268 · 2022: 271 · 2021: 349 · 2020: 375 · 2019: 228 · 2018: 202 · 2017: 118 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 19.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research
- European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator (310372)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Excellence Cluster ImmunoSensation
- Science Foundation Ireland (11/P1/1036)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- trained immunity, epigenetic reprogramming, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, reinfection resistance, vaccine development, immunodeficiency, autoinflammatory disease, inflammation modulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Histones, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Immunologic Memory, Infections, Inflammation, Invertebrates, Plants, Transcription, Genetic, Vaccination, Vaccines, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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