Self-Reported Alcohol, Tobacco, and Cannabis Use during COVID-19 Lockdown Measures: Results from a Web-Based Survey
Open accessAbstract
Background: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has led to measures of social distancing and quarantine worldwide. This stressful period may lead to psychological problems, including increases in substance use. Objective: To investigate changes in alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis consumption before and during COVID-19 lockdown and motives for these changes in substance use. Method: A web-based survey was filled out by an unselected population during the social distancing measures of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium that assessed changes in alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis consumption in the period before and during the COVID-19 lockdown and also asked about reasons for change. Results: A total of 3,632 respondents (mean age 42.1 ± 14.6 years; 70% female) filled out the survey. Overall, respondents reported consuming more alcohol (d = 0.21) and smoking more cigarettes (d = 0.13) than before the COVID-19 pandemic (both p < 0.001), while no significant changes in the consumption of cannabis were noted. The odds of consuming more alcohol during the lockdown were associated with younger age (OR = 0.981, p < 0.001), more children at home (OR = 1.220, p < 0.001), non-healthcare workers (p < 0.001), and being technically unemployed related to COVID-19 (p = 0.037). The odds of smoking more cigarettes during the lockdown were associated with younger age (OR = 0.988, p = 0.027), current living situation (p < 0.001), lower education (p = 0.015), and working situation related to COVID-19 (p = 0.018). Boredom, lack of social contacts, loss of daily structure, reward after a hard-working day, loneliness, and conviviality were the main reasons for consuming more of the various substances. Conclusions: During the lockdown, individuals consumed slightly more alcohol and smoked marginally more cigarettes compared to the period before the lockdown. Further research focussing on follow-up of individuals at risk may be useful to provide appropriate care in post-COVID times.
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There has been an observed increase in these unhealthy lifestyles and behaviors following the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Because of this, and also due to the observed increase in these unhealthy lifestyles and behaviors following the COVID-19 pandemic [60,61,62]”
From Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial Testing the Efficacy of a Transdiagnostic Virtual Reality-Based Intervention for the Reduction of Unhealthy Lifestyles and Behaviors in the General Population (2023) · cites this paper as [60]
The Discussion and Conclusion reports slightly higher self-reported alcohol consumption and a marginal increase in cigarette smoking during Belgium’s COVID-19 lockdown. It does not establish an increase following the pandemic or across unhealthy lifestyles generally; the Cannabis Use section reports no significant change in cannabis consumption. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Vanderbruggen, N., Matthys, F., Van Laere, S., Zeeuws, D., Santermans, L., Van den Ameele, S., & Crunelle, C. L.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Vanderbruggen, Nathalie
- Venue
- European Addiction Research
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 309-315
- ISSN
- 1022-6877 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9891
- PMC
- PMC7573904
- OpenAlex
- W3087429544
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 32.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Addiction Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HRB National Drugs Library (Health Research Board) (submittedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- COVID-19 lockdown, alcohol consumption, smoking, cannabis use, social distancing, loneliness, boredom, unemployment, Belgium
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Cigarette Smoking, Marijuana Use, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Age Factors, Alcohol Drinking, Belgium, Boredom, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Residence Characteristics, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Self Report, Pandemics
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