The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Resistant Hypertension, Obesity, Sleep Apnea, and Aldosterone: Theory and Therapy
Abstract
Hypertension resistant to 2 antihypertensive drugs is more common among obese patients than among lean patients. The case we describe and the observations we report suggest that refractoriness among obese hypertensives is frequently caused by obstructive sleep apnea and/or inappropriately high plasma aldosterone levels. In other words, obese hypertensives may have sleep apnea, obese hypertensives without sleep apnea may have inappropriately elevated levels of plasma aldosterone, and a surprising number of obese patients with sleep apnea also have elevated levels of aldosterone. The mechanisms by which obesity and obstructive sleep apnea increase aldosterone levels and raise blood pressure are not understood, but sympathetic nervous system activation and production of nonclassical adrenal stimuli are two possibilities. Obstructive sleep apnea can be detected with a careful history and various sleep studies. Inappropriately elevated aldosterone levels can be detected by measuring the ratio of plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity. Successful treatment of these resistant hypertensives often can be achieved by devices that provide positive pressure to the upper airway to correct obstructive sleep apnea and by incorporating an aldosterone antagonist in the therapeutic regimen.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Moreover, obesity is a major risk factor for resistant hypertension, i.e. patients who have uncontrolled blood pressure despite being on three or more antihypertensive medications (7;8).”
From Obesity-Associated Hypertension: Recent Progress in Deciphering the Pathogenesis (2014) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Effect of Spironolactone on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Severe Heart Failure
Pitt, B., Zannad, F., Remme, W. J., Cody, R., Castaigne, A., Perez, A., Palensky, J., & Wittes, J. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199909023411001 · Cited by 9,214
The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group (2002) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.288.23.2981 · Cited by 5,664
Dahlöf, B., Devereux, R. B., Kjeldsen, S. E., Julius, S., Beevers, G., de Faire, U., Fyhrquist, F., Ibsen, H., Kristiansson, K., Lederballe-Pedersen, O., et al. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08089-3 · Cited by 5,407
Pitt, B., Remme, W., Zannad, F., Neaton, J., Martinez, F., Roniker, B., Bittman, R., Hurley, S., Kleiman, J., & Gatlin, M. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa030207 · Cited by 4,941
Insulin Resistance in Essential Hypertension
Ferrannini, E., Buzzigoli, G., Bonadonna, R., Giorico, M. A., Oleggini, M., Graziadei, L., Pedrinelli, R., Brandi, L., & Bevilacqua, S. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198708063170605 · Cited by 2,344
Reaven, G. M., Lithell, H., & Landsberg, L. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199602083340607 · Cited by 1,435
Keaney, J. F., Larson, M. G., Vasan, R. S., Wilson, P. W. F., Lipinska, I., Corey, D., Massaro, J. M., Sutherland, P., Vita, J. A., & Benjamin, E. J. (2003) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000058402.34138.11 · Cited by 1,304
Regional adiposity and morbidity.
Kissebah, A. H., & Krakower, G. R. (1994) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1994.74.4.761 · Cited by 1,132
Cushman, W. C., Ford, C. E., Cutler, J. A., Margolis, K. L., Davis, B. R., Grimm, R. H., Black, H. R., Hamilton, B. P., Holland, J., Nwachuku, C., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2002.02045.x · Cited by 979
Population-Based Study of Sleep-Disordered Breathing as a Risk Factor for Hypertension
Young, T. B. (1997) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1997.00440360178019 · Cited by 967
Research works printed but not linked: 7
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Funder, J. W., Carey, R. M., Mantero, F., Murad, M. H., Reincke, M., Shibata, H., Stowasser, M., & Young, W. F. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-4061 · Cited by 2,925
Therapeutic Peptides: Current Applications and Future Directions
Wang, L., Wang, N., Zhang, W., Cheng, X., Yan, Z., Shao, G., Wang, X., Wang, R., & Fu, C. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00904-4 · Cited by 2,131
Funder, J. W., Carey, R. M., Fardella, C., Gomez-Sanchez, C. E., Mantero, F., Stowasser, M., Young, W. F., & Montori, V. M. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0104 · Cited by 1,554
Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease
Somers, V. K., White, D. P., Amin, R. S., Abraham, W. T., Costa, F., Culebras, A., Daniels, S. R., Floras, J. S., Hunt, C. E., Olson, L. J., et al. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.002 · Cited by 1,530
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1)
Thakker, R. V., Newey, P. J., Walls, G. V., Bilezikian, J. P., Dralle, H., Ebeling, P. R., Melmed, S. K., Sakurai, A., Tonelli, F., & Brandi, M. L. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1230 · Cited by 1,500
Metadata
- Authors
- Goodfriend, T. L., & Calhoun, D. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- ORCID
- Calhoun, David A.
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2004-03
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 518-524
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- OpenAlex
- W2114339665
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 10.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal Regulation and Hypertension
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- resistant hypertension, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, plasma aldosterone, aldosterone-renin ratio, sympathetic activation, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, blood pressure regulation
- MeSH terms
- Aldosterone, Antihypertensive Agents, Drug Resistance, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Theoretical, Obesity, Sleep Apnea Syndromes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
