The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3,503 of the 3,524 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 25 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). METHODS: The American Heart Association, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing. The 2023 Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort in 2022 by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. The American Heart Association strives to further understand and help heal health problems inflicted by structural racism, a public health crisis that can significantly damage physical and mental health and perpetuate disparities in access to health care, education, income, housing, and several other factors vital to healthy lives. This year's edition includes additional COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) publications, as well as data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, with an enhanced focus on health equity across several key domains. RESULTS: Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. CONCLUSIONS: The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
73 Own result · 24 Sources not found · 15 No basis given · 6 Not checked yet · 1 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2017 to 2020, among adults, total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL occurred in 32.8% of males and 36.2% of females”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids (Chapter 7)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number needed to treat with 150 mg of aspirin was 39.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (Chapter 11)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“major adverse cardiovascular event (RR, 0.87)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > High Blood Pressure (Chapter 8)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of delivery hospitalizations from the National Readmission Database reported a rate of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy of 912.4 per 10 000 delivery hospitalizations in 2014 compared with 528.9 in 1993 in the United States.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (Chapter 11)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In an open-label, cluster-randomized trial involving 20995 individuals from 600 villages in rural China, the use of a salt substitute (75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride by mass) compared with the use of regular salt (100% sodium chloride) resulted in a lower incidence of stroke (RR, 0.86)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > High Blood Pressure (Chapter 8)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the use of the most recent 2017 definition, the age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension among US adults ≥20 years of age was estimated to be 46.7% in NHANES in 2017 to 2020 (50.4% for males and 43.0% for females).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > High Blood Pressure (Chapter 8)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proportion of adults reporting insufficient sleep (<7 hours) in 2020 was 32.8%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Sleep (Chapter 13)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Electronic cigarettes were the most commonly used tobacco product among adolescents in 2021”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Smoking/Tobacco Use (Chapter 3)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gestational diabetes occurred in 12.8% of females in the top quartile of a self-reported discrimination scale versus 7.0% in all others (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.11, adjusted for age, income, parity, race and ethnicity, and study site);”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (Chapter 11)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“22.6% of this association was statistically mediated by obesity.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (Chapter 11)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
- It may state two separate claims as one. 50
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total hospitalization expenditures in Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries with end-stage renal disease was $12.2 billion in 2019, and outpatient spending was $13.1 billion in 2019.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Kidney Disease (Chapter 12)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A large umbrella review in 2021 found that every 5–kg/m2 increase in body mass index was associated with a 15% increased risk for CHD, 23% increased risk for atrial fibrillation (AF), 41% increased risk for HF, and 49% increased risk for hypertension.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Overweight and Obesity (Chapter 6)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A higher percentage of males than females had hypertension up to 64 years of age, but for those ≥65 years of age, the percentage of females with hypertension was higher than for males.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > High Blood Pressure (Chapter 8)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In metropolitan areas in the United States, the cumulative COVID-19 death rate was ≈292 deaths per 100 000 compared with ≈392 deaths per 100 000 in nonmetropolitan areas.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Cardiovascular Health (Chapter 2)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As of July 1, 2022, the cumulative number of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) deaths in the United States was 1 014 620, which equates to ≈306 deaths per 100 000 people.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Cardiovascular Health (Chapter 2)
plainn = 100,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among adolescents in 2017 to 2020, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels ≥130 mg/dL occurred in 5.0% of male adolescents and 4.6% of female adolescents”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids (Chapter 7)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2019, the age-, race-, and sex-adjusted prevalence of end-stage renal disease in the United States was 2302 per 1 million people, an increase of 1.4% over 2018.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Kidney Disease (Chapter 12)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, on the basis of 2017 to 2020 data, 29.3 million adults (10.6%) in the United States had diagnosed diabetes.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Diabetes (Chapter 9)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“triglycerides ≥130 mg/dL occurred in 7.2% of male adolescents and 6.2% of female adolescents.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids (Chapter 7)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 38 prospective cohort studies showed that the relative risk (RR) for the highest versus the lowest categories of Mediterranean diet adherence was 0.79 for total CVD mortality, 0.73 for CHD incidence, 0.83 for CHD mortality, 0.80 for stroke incidence, 0.87 for stroke mortality, and 0.73 for myocardial infarction incidence.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Nutrition (Chapter 5)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of cigarette use in the past 30 days among middle and high school students in the United States was 1.0% and 1.9%, respectively, in 2021.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Smoking/Tobacco Use (Chapter 3)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with the majority of adolescent users using flavored electronic cigarettes (85.8% of high school students and 79.2% of middle school students).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Smoking/Tobacco Use (Chapter 3)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL occurred in 24.9% of males and 9.3% of females.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids (Chapter 7)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to data from NHANES from 2017 until March 2020, the age-adjusted prevalence of overweight or obesity among adults ≥20 years of age in the United States was 71.2%, and the prevalence of obesity was 41.4%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Overweight and Obesity (Chapter 6)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to the data from NHANES 1999 to 2018, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among youths 12 to 19 years of age was 4.34% for NH White, 3.66% for NH Black, 7.70% for Mexican American, 4.84% for other Hispanic, and 1.84 for other race youths.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Metabolic Syndrome (Chapter 10)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there has been a consistent decline in adult and youth cigarette use in the United States in the past 2 decades, significant disparities persist.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Smoking/Tobacco Use (Chapter 3)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LDL-C levels <40 mg/dL occurred in 19.3% of male adolescents and 8.6% of female adolescents”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids (Chapter 7)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The corresponding mean overall CVH score was 78.4 for NH Asian, 74.1 for NH White, and 71.3 for NH Black children.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Cardiovascular Health (Chapter 2)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the basis of 2020 mortality data, HD and stroke currently claim more lives each year than cancer and chronic lower respiratory disease combined. In 2020, 207.1 of 100 000 people died of HD and stroke.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Total Cardiovascular Disease (Chapter 14)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 2020 mortality data
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with a mean score of 69.6 for NH Asian, 66.0 for NH White, and 59.7 for NH Black adults.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Cardiovascular Health (Chapter 2)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall prevalence of chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL·min−1·1.73 m−2 or albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g) in 2015 to 2018 was 14.9%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Kidney Disease (Chapter 12)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This equates to an estimated 122.4 million adults ≥20 years of age who have high blood pressure (62.8 million males and 59.6 million females).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > High Blood Pressure (Chapter 8)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data from the US Diabetes Collaborative Registry of 74 393 adults with diabetes demonstrate a prevalence of 74% with hemoglobin A1c <7%, 40% with blood pressure <130/80 mm Hg, and 49% with LDL-C <100 mg/dL (<70 mg/dL if with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), but only 15% at target for all 3 factors.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Diabetes (Chapter 9)
boostedn = 74,393- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the prevalence of use in the past 30 days among middle and high school students in the United States was 2.8% and 11.3%, respectively”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Smoking/Tobacco Use (Chapter 3)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to data from NHANES from 2017 until March 2020, among US children and adolescents 2 to 19 years of age, the prevalence of being either overweight or obese was 36.8%, with obesity prevalence of 19.8%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Overweight and Obesity (Chapter 6)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the basis of NHANES 2017 to March 2020 data, the prevalence of CVD (comprising CHD, HF, stroke, and hypertension) in adults ≥20 years of age was 48.6% overall (127.9 million in 2020) and increases with age in both males and females.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Total Cardiovascular Disease (Chapter 14)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites NHANES 2017 to March 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NH Black adults had the highest percentage of respondents reporting sleeping <7 h/night (43.5%), whereas NH Asian adults (30.5%) and NH White adults (30.7%) had the lowest percentage of respondents reporting sleeping <7 hours.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Sleep (Chapter 13)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the basis of data from NHANES 2017 to 2020, ≈6.7 million Americans ≥20 years of age had HF, which is increased from ≈6.0 million according to NHANES 2015 to 2018.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure (Chapter 22)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites NHANES
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a meta-analysis of 66 trials of SBP-lowering interventions including 324 812 participants and 11 437 strokes over an average follow-up of 3.3 years, SBP lowering was associated with 21% lower odds of stroke compared with control. In meta-analyses of stroke types, SBP lowering was associated with 14% lower odds of ischemic stroke (6 trials), 28% lower odds of hemorrhagic stroke (6 trials), and 2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Stroke (Cerebrovascular Diseases) (Chapter 15)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites meta-analysis of 66 trials
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an associationn = 324,812- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality for the year 2018, 481 780 percutaneous coronary interventions were performed on an inpatient basis in the United States.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Medical Procedures (Chapter 27)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites HCUP
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“An analysis of the Korea National Health Insurance Service (N=66 692) classified individuals by exercise status before and after AF diagnosis. Those who maintained exercise were significantly less likely to have ischemic stroke (HR, 0.86), HF (HR, 0.92), or mortality (HR, 0.61) than those who continued to abstain from exercise after AF diagnosis.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Disorders of Heart Rhythm (Chapter 18)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Korea National Health Insurance Service
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an associationn = 66,692- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Globally, prevalent cases increased by 119%, annual incident cases increased by 113%, DALYs increased by 115%, and annual deaths increased by 146%.”
- Also stated in: § Brain Health (Chapter 16) · plain
“However, global age-standardized prevalence decreased by 4%, age-standardized annual incidence decreased by 5%, age-standardized DALYs decreased by 6%, and age-standardized annual mortality decreased by 4%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Brain Health (Chapter 16)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites GBD study
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Brain Health (Chapter 16) · plain
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 11 clinical trials from 1970 to 2021 with 20 163 patients with stroke found that intensive LDL-C–lowering statin-based therapies reduced the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke (RR, 0.88) compared with less intensive LDL-C–lowering statin-based therapies. This relationship was even stronger in populations with atherosclerosis (RR, 0.79).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Stroke (Cerebrovascular Diseases) (Chapter 15)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites meta-analysis of 11 clinical trials
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causen = 20,163- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2020, CHD age-adjusted death rates per 100 000 were 128.5 for NH White males, 153.6 for NH Black males, and 102.2 for Hispanic males. For NH White females, the rate was 63.8; for NH Black females, it was 85.9; and for Hispanic females, it was 54.2.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Coronary Heart Disease, Acute Coronary Syndrome, and Angina Pectoris (Chapter 21)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the HRS (Health and Retirement Study), cognitive impairment-free life expectancy at 55 years of age was estimated as 23.0 years for participants with no hypertension, HD, diabetes, or stroke; 21.2 years for those with any 1 of those conditions; 18.1 years for those with any 2 conditions; and 14.0 years for those with any 3 or all 4 conditions.”
- Also stated in: § Brain Health (Chapter 16) · plain
“The association of CVD burden with lower cognitive impairment-free life expectancy was also observed at 65, 75, and 85 years of age, with lower absolute life expectancies.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Brain Health (Chapter 16)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites HRS
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Brain Health (Chapter 16) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 18 262 adults with hypertension, the age-adjusted estimated proportion with controlled blood pressure (blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg) improved from 31.8% in 1999 to 2000 to 48.5% in 2007 to 2008, was similar in 2013 to 2014 (53.8%), and then declined to 43.7% in 2017 to 2018.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Quality of Care (Chapter 26)
hedgedstates an associationn = 18,262- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average annual direct and indirect cost of CVD in the United States was an estimated $407.3 billion in 2018 to 2019.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Economic Cost of Cardiovascular Disease (Chapter 28)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database, which voluntarily collects data from ≈80% of all hospitals that perform coronary artery bypass grafts in the United States, indicate that a total of 161 816 procedures involved isolated coronary artery bypass graft in 2019.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Medical Procedures (Chapter 27)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites STS Adult Cardiac Surgery Database
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Data from MarketScan and Medicare databases showed that only 33.9% of patients with peripheral artery disease were prescribed statins compared with 51.7% of patients with coronary artery disease, and only 24.5% of patients with peripheral artery disease in the MarketScan database achieved a target LDL-C <70 mg/dL.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Peripheral Artery Disease and Aortic Diseases (Chapter 25)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites MarketScan
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Medicare
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“An NIS (National Inpatient Sample) analysis of sex differences spanning 2004 to 2015 identified 7 026 432 hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction. Compared with males, females were less likely to undergo coronary angiography (adjusted OR, 0.92) and percutaneous coronary intervention (adjusted OR, 0.82), Females had a higher risk of mortality (adjusted OR, 1.03) compared with males.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Coronary Heart Disease, Acute Coronary Syndrome, and Angina Pectoris (Chapter 21)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites NIS
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2020, 19.05 million deaths were estimated for CVD globally, which amounted to an increase of 8.71% from 2010.”
- Also stated in: § Total Cardiovascular Disease (Chapter 14) · plain
“The age-standardized death rate per 100 000 population was 239.80, which represents a decrease of 12.19% from 2010.”
- Also stated in: § Total Cardiovascular Disease (Chapter 14) · plain
“Overall, the crude prevalence of CVD was 607.64 million cases in 2020, an increase of 29.01% compared with 2010. However, the age-standardized prevalence rate was 7354.05 per 100 000, an increase of 0.73% from 2010.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Total Cardiovascular Disease (Chapter 14)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Total Cardiovascular Disease (Chapter 14) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2018, there were 578 000 outpatient visits for pulmonary hypertension as the principal diagnosis. In addition, there were 14 000 hospital discharges with pulmonary hypertension as the principal diagnosis.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Venous Thromboembolism (Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism), Chronic Venous Insufficiency, Pulmonary Hypertension (Chapter 24)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from the Rochester Epidemiology Project in Olmsted County, Minnesota, showed improved survival after HF diagnosis between 1979 and 2000; however, estimated 5-year mortality for those with HF did not decline from 2000 to 2010 and remained high (52.6% overall; 24.4% for those 60 years of age; and 54.4% for those 80 years of age).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure (Chapter 22)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rochester Epidemiology Project
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2021, 3817 heart transplantations were performed in the United States, the most ever. The highest numbers of heart transplantations were performed in California (529), Texas (359), New York (307), and Florida (263).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Medical Procedures (Chapter 27)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among 229 976 participants in the UK Biobank, with 2143 cases of incident dementia over a median follow-up of 9 years, each 1-point increment in Life's Simple 7 score was associated with an 11% lower hazard of dementia (HR, 0.89). Each 1-point increment in the biological component score (based on blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose) was associated with a 7% lower hazard of dementia (HR, 0.93”
- Also stated in: § Brain Health (Chapter 16) · plain
“However, a 1-point increment in the lifestyle component score (based on smoking, body mass index, diet, and physical activity) was not associated with dementia (HR, 0.99).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Brain Health (Chapter 16)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites UK Biobank
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an associationn = 2,143- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Brain Health (Chapter 16) · plain
In the paper
“For high-income countries, percent increases in absolute burden measures were smaller than globally: Prevalent cases increased by 93%, annual incident cases increased by 87%, DALYs increased by 90%, and annual deaths increased by 126%. The age-standardized prevalence in high-income countries decreased by 5%, age-standardized annual incidence rate decreased by 6%, age-standardized DALYs decreased”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Brain Health (Chapter 16)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites GBD study
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2019, there were an estimated ≈393 000 cases of pulmonary embolism, ≈643 000 cases of deep vein thrombosis, and ≈1 036 000 total venous thromboembolism cases in the United States.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Venous Thromboembolism (Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism), Chronic Venous Insufficiency, Pulmonary Hypertension (Chapter 24)
hedgedn = 1,036,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“2020 mortality related to congenital cardiovascular defects was 2817 deaths in the United States, an 11.9% decrease from the number of deaths in 2010.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Congenital Cardiovascular Defects and Kawasaki Disease (Chapter 17)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The number of elderly patients with calcific aortic stenosis is projected to more than double by 2050 in both the United States and Europe according to a simulation model in 7 decision analysis studies. The pooled prevalence of all aortic stenosis in the elderly was 12.4%, and the prevalence of severe aortic stenosis was 3.4%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Valvular Diseases (Chapter 23)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In patients with COVID-19, there is a double risk of death after venous thromboembolism. In those admitted to the intensive care unit, this risk is 2.63 times higher, with a 3-fold increase in patients on mechanical ventilation.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Venous Thromboembolism (Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism), Chronic Venous Insufficiency, Pulmonary Hypertension (Chapter 24)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 1000 patients with severe aortic stenosis at low surgical risk randomized in the PARTNER 3 trial (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve 3) to either balloon-expandable transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) or surgical aortic valve replacement, the primary composite end point (death, stroke, or rehospitalization) rate was significantly lower in the TAVR versus surgical aortic valve”
- Also stated in: § Valvular Diseases (Chapter 23) · plain
“At 2 years, the primary end point was significantly reduced after TAVR compared with surgical aortic valve replacement (11.5% versus 17.4%; HR, 0.63), although TAVR valve thrombosis at 2 years was increased (2.6%; 13 events) compared with surgery (0.7%; 3 events).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Valvular Diseases (Chapter 23)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites PARTNER 3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causen = 1,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Valvular Diseases (Chapter 23) · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated direct costs of CVD in the United States increased from $103.5 billion in 1996 to 1997 to $251.4 billion in 2018 to 2019.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Economic Cost of Cardiovascular Disease (Chapter 28)
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“An analysis of data from the GBD 2019 study found that from 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70.0, whereas the age-standardized incidence rate for total stroke decreased by 17.0%. The age-standardized incidence rate for ischemic stroke decreased by 10% and intracerebral hemorrhage decreased by 29% during the same period.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Stroke (Cerebrovascular Diseases) (Chapter 15)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites GBD 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to data from the 2005 to 2014 ARIC study, the estimated annual incidence of myocardial infarction is 605 000 new attacks and 200 000 recurrent attacks. Of these 805 000 first and recurrent events, it is estimated that 170 000 are silent.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Coronary Heart Disease, Acute Coronary Syndrome, and Angina Pectoris (Chapter 21)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites ARIC study
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the Rotterdam Study of older adults, the presence of intraplaque hemorrhage (but not calcification or lipid-rich core) by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an association with incident stroke and CHD (HR, 2.42 and 1.95, respectively).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Subclinical Atherosclerosis (Chapter 20)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rotterdam Study
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 390 692 patients receiving care at 586 hospitals from July 2008 to December 2013, patients residing in lower-SES neighborhoods had longer median arrival-to-angiography time (lowest quintile of SES, 8.0 hours; highest quintile of SES, 3.4 hours) and a higher rate of fibrinolysis (versus primary angioplasty) for ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (lowest quintile of SES, 23.1%; highest”
- Also stated in: § Quality of Care (Chapter 26) · plain
“Patients from lower-SES neighborhoods had greater independent risk of in-hospital mortality and major bleeding and a lower quality of discharge care.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Quality of Care (Chapter 26)
plainstates an associationn = 390,692- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Quality of Care (Chapter 26) · plain
In the paper
“Despite substantial disruptions to cardiovascular care delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic, among patients in the GWTG Registry (Get With The Guidelines) who were hospitalized for HF in 2021, 91.7% received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors at discharge; 93.4% received evidence-based specific β-blockers; 99.2% had”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Quality of Care (Chapter 26)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites GWTG Registry
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“As of March 1, 2022, 7459 cases and 63 attributable deaths (0.84%) have been reported. Median age of cases was 9 years; 58% of cases have occurred in children who are Hispanic or Latino (1846 cases) or Black (2206 cases); 98% tested positive for SARS-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, serology, or antigen test); and 60% of reported”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Congenital Cardiovascular Defects and Kawasaki Disease (Chapter 17)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites CDC
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 7,459- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the United States, individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups are at substantially higher risk of sudden cardiac arrest and experience worse survival and neurological outcomes after sudden cardiac arrest compared with White individuals.”
- Also stated in: § Sudden Cardiac Arrest, Ventricular Arrhythmias, and Inherited Channelopathies (Chapter 19) · plain
“In the ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities), the sex-adjusted HR for sudden cardiac death comparing Black with White participants was 2.12, and the fully adjusted HR was 1.38. In San Francisco, Black females had a 2.55 higher incidence of sudden arrhythmic death than White females.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Sudden Cardiac Arrest, Ventricular Arrhythmias, and Inherited Channelopathies (Chapter 19)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites ARIC study
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Sudden Cardiac Arrest, Ventricular Arrhythmias, and Inherited Channelopathies (Chapter 19) · plain
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“between 5% and 14% of patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus also present with myocarditis”
From Autoimmune Myocarditis, Old Dogs and New Tricks. (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Myocarditis exhibits a notable association with systemic autoimmune diseases.”
From Autoimmune Myocarditis, Old Dogs and New Tricks. (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“contemporary short-term (3-month) risk is 0.29% or 116 per 100 000 person-years.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association > SUMMARY > Sudden Cardiac Arrest, Ventricular Arrhythmias, and Inherited Channelopathies (Chapter 19)
Reported 0.29 · recomputed 0.116
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30074-9”
Cited work 10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30074-9 · retracted 2016-08-01 · notice 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30085-7 · this paper published 2023-02-21
A note, not an issue: for example, a cited work that was retracted only after this paper was published, which its authors could not have known.
In the paper
“10.1056/NEJMc1806491”
Cited work 10.1056/nejmc1806491 · retraction date not known · this paper published 2023-02-21
Citations
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2 retracted
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“3,8 The idea of the polypill or a single pill containing several different medications to reduce cardiovascular risk was fi rst promoted in 2003 by Wald and Law 9 as an intervention to substantially reduce ischemic heart disease and stroke rates.”
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“In the United States, one commonly heard and experienced type is coronary artery disease [1].”
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“10,11 Considering that MI is the most common cause of heart failure, 12,13 the potential of SGLT2 inhibitors to improve MI seems reasonable.”
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“In 2020, about 244.1 million people worldwide suffered from CAD, and the death rate was 8.95 million [2].”
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“The report shows that in the US alone, the number of people who will die from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 2020 will increase from 876,613 in 2019 to 928,741 in 2020, surpassing the all-time high of 910,000 in 2003 [7].”
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“Effective treatment for these diseases is a huge economic burden, with an estimated cost of over USD 400 billion being spent in the United States just from 2018 to 2019 [5].”
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ResultSystemic biomarker associated with poor outcome after futile reperfusion
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“More than 19 million deaths were attributed to CVD globally, which amounted to an increase of 18.7% from 2010 [1].”
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“%) of the total strokes in the United States [4].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tsao, C. W., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Beaton, A. Z., Boehme, A. K., Buxton, A. E., Commodore-Mensah, Y., Elkind, M. S. V., Evenson, K. R., Eze-Nliam, C., Fugar, S., Generoso, G., Heard, D. G., Hiremath, S., Ho, J. E., Kalani, R., Kazi, D. S., Ko, D., Levine, D. A., Liu, J., Ma, J., Magnani, J. W., Michos, E. D., Mussolino, M. E., Navaneethan, S. D., Parikh, N. I., Poudel, R., Rezk-Hanna, M., Roth, G. A., Shah, N. S., St-Onge, M.-P., Thacker, E. L., Virani, S. S., Voeks, J. H., Wang, N.-Y., Wong, N. D., Wong, S. S., Yaffe, K., Martin, S. S., & on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
- ORCID
- Tsao, Connie W.
- Aday, Aaron W.
- Almarzooq, Zaid I.
- Anderson, Cheryl A.M.
- Arora, Pankaj
- Avery, Christy L.
- Baker-Smith, Carissa M.
- Beaton, Andrea Z.
- Boehme, Amelia K.
- Buxton, Alfred E.
- Commodore-Mensah, Yvonne
- Elkind, Mitchell S.V.
- Evenson, Kelly R.
- Fugar, Setri
- Generoso, Giuliano
- Hiremath, Swapnil
- Ho, Jennifer E.
- Kazi, Dhruv S.
- Ko, Darae
- Levine, Deborah A.
- Liu, Junxiu
- Ma, Jun
- Magnani, Jared W.
- Michos, Erin D.
- Navaneethan, Sankar D.
- Parikh, Nisha I.
- Poudel, Remy
- Roth, Gregory A.
- Shah, Nilay S.
- Thacker, Evan L.
- Virani, Salim S.
- Voeks, Jenifer H.
- Wang, Nae-Yuh
- Wong, Nathan D.
- Yaffe, Kristine
- Martin, Seth S.
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2023-02-21
- Volume
- 147
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e93-e621
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC12135016
- OpenAlex
- W4211191293
- Semantic Scholar
- 833f7bd8f145bf3ead5e206b47578f54a90e14c9
- Cited by
- 8,300
- References
- 3,524
- Citations by year
- 2026: 807 · 2025: 1510 · 2024: 1852 · 2023: 846
- FWCI
- 263.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL140224, R01HL134893, R01HL142648, K24HL153669, R35HL155670)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK128154)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Keywords
- heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular health, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, venous disease, peripheral arterial disease, health equity, structural racism, health disparities, COVID-19 pandemic, cardiovascular outcomes, quality of care, economic costs
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, American Heart Association, Cardiovascular Diseases, Heart Diseases, Humans, United States, Stroke
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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