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Clinician’s Guide to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Adults: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Open accessAbstract
Arteriovenous oxygen difference EOB Exercise oscillatory breathing FECO 2 Fraction of carbon dioxide in expired air FEO 2 Fraction of oxygen in expired air FEV 1 Forced expiratory volume in 1 second MET Metabolic equivalent MVV Maximum voluntary ventilation O 2 Oxygen OUES Oxygen-uptake efficiency slope P ET CO 2 Partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide P ET O 2 Partial pressure of end-tidal oxygen RER Respiratory exchange ratio V ˙CO 2 Carbon dioxide output VD Volume of dead space V ˙E Minute ventilation V ˙E/V ˙CO 2 Ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide V ˙E/V ˙O2 Ventilatory equivalent of oxygen V ˙O2 Oxygen uptake VT Ventilatory threshold 192
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“Cardiologists have tended to regard peak V˙o2 as a particularly valuable index for heart function because V˙o2 can be applied as a proxy for cardiac output,8 and this is most commonly used as part of heart failure (HF) management.”
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Items 501–600 of 1,000
The Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Mikic, L., Ristić, A. D., Marković, N., Tesic, M. B., Jakovljević, D. G., Arena, R. A., Allison, T. G., & Popović, D. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59071296 · Cited by 22
“An HCM-impacted myocardium, which progresses from hypertrophy to fibrosis and eventually dilation with microvascular alterations, increases the susceptibility to ventricular ectopic activity [34].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrawner, C. A., Shafiq, A., Aldred, H. A., Ehrman, J. K., Leifer, E., Selektor, Y., Tita, C., Velez, M., Williams, C. T., Schairer, J. R., et al. (2015) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.06.001 · Cited by 22
Self-citationShafer, K. M., Mann, N., Hehn, R. S., Tikkanen, A. Ú., Valente, A. M., Geva, T., Gauthier, N. S., & Rhodes, J. (2015) · Congenital Heart Disease · doi:10.1111/chd.12248 · Cited by 22
Evaluating exercise capacity in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Babu, A. S., MYERS, J. N., Arena, R. A., Maiya, A. G., & Ramachandran, P. (2013) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1586/erc.13.33 · Cited by 22
Self-citationMaessen, M. F. H., Schalkwijk, C. G., Verheggen, R. J. H. M., Aengevaeren, V. L., Hopman, M. T. E., & Eijsvogels, T. M. H. (2017) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.03.011 · Cited by 22
Lifestyle Behaviors and Clinical Outcomes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Vainshelboim, B., de Oliveira, J. J. F., Izhakian, S., Unterman, A., & Kramer, M. R. (2017) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000481202 · Cited by 21
Regenerative Therapy for Cardiomyopathies
Wang, Z., Su, X., Ashraf, M., Kim, I., Weintraub, N. L., Jiang, M., & Tang, Y. (2018) · Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s12265-018-9807-z · Cited by 22
“Reduced exercise time and peak O2 uptake are powerful markers of worse prognosis in chronic heart failure patients [32, 33].”
Oliveira, A. B., de Mello, M. T., Tufik, S. B., & Peres, M. F. P. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.018 · Cited by 22
Bartoszko, J. M., Thorpe, K. E., Laupacis, A., Wijeysundera, D. N., Myles, P. S., Shulman, M. A., Wallace, S. K. A., Farrington, C., Thompson, B., Ellis, M., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.04.058 · Cited by 22
“thought to reflect the point at which the venous lactate concentration begins to increase because tissue oxygen demand exceeds supply.(11) When taken together, VO2 peak and AT broadly indicate the ability of the cardiovascular system to”
BackgroundRuigrok, D., Meijboom, L. J., Nossent, E. J., Boonstra, A., Braams, N. J., van Wezenbeek, J., de Man, F. S., Marcus, J. T., Noordegraaf, A. V., Symersky, P., et al. (2020) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.00109-2020 · Cited by 22
Kasiak, P. S., Kowalski, T., Rębiś, K., Klusiewicz, A., Starczewski, M., Ładyga, M., Wiecha, S., Barylski, M., Poliwczak, A. R., Wierzbiński, P., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1348307 · Cited by 21
Pagliari, C., Isernia, S., Rapisarda, L., Borgnis, F., Lazzeroni, D., Bini, M., Geroldi, S., Baglio, F., & Brambilla, L. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13123396 · Cited by 21
“Evidence suggests that increasing physical activity, exercise, and overall cardiorespiratory fitness can significantly reduce the incidence of CAD [50], representing a cornerstone of CR.”
BackgroundDaily Life Activity in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices
Granegger, M., Schlöglhofer, T., Ober, H., Zimpfer, D., Schima, H., & Moscato, F. (2016) · The International Journal of Artificial Organs · doi:10.5301/ijao.5000464 · Cited by 21
Rosenblum, O., Katz, U., Reuveny, R., Williams, C. A., & Dubnov‐Raz, G. (2015) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-015-1198-1 · Cited by 21
Physical Training and Cardiac Rehabilitation in Heart Failure Patients
GREGORIO, C. D. (2018) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2018_144 · Cited by 23
Value of the Oxygen Pulse Curve for the Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease
Lorenzo, A. D., SILVA, C. L. D., Souza, F. C. C., & Lima, R. (2018) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.933788 · Cited by 21
Liu, X., Wu, W., Li, N., Li, P., Wang, Z., & Shan, C. (2021) · The Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1111/crj.13399 · Cited by 21
Laukkanen, J. A., Savonen, K. P., Hupin, D., de Araújo, C. G. S., & Kunutsor, S. K. (2021) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2021.09.001 · Cited by 22
Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality
Zhao, Y., Sun, H., Qie, R., Han, M., Zhang, M., Shi, X., Yang, Y., Lu, J., Hu, D., & Sun, L. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13770 · Cited by 21
Management of the ACC/AHA Stage D Patient
Kittleson, M. M., & KOBASHIGAWA, J. A. (2013) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2013.09.004 · Cited by 21
“A compensated patient with a VO2max of 12 to 14 mL/kg/min with adequate effort indicates poor survival over the next year and is an indication to proceed with evaluation.(3) Adequate effort is defined as the patient’s achievement of anaerobic threshold, at which point CO2 production exceeds O2 consumption (indicated b…”
ASC Methylation and Interleukin-1β Are Associated with Aerobic Capacity in Heart Failure
Butts, B., Butler, J., Dunbar, S. B., Corwin, E. J., & GARY, R. A. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001200 · Cited by 21
“Continuous gas exchange (VMAX Spectra 29 CPET Instrument, Yorba Linda, CA), telemetry, blood pressure, rating of perceived exertion, and oxygen saturation were assessed for each patient 1 min before, continuously during exercise, and 4 min after the exercise test according to the American Heart Association guidelines…”
BackgroundMethodPanagopoulou, N., Karatzanos, E., Dimopoulos, S. K., Tasoulis, A., Tachliabouris, I., Vakrou, S., Sideris, A., Gratziou, C., & Nanas, S. (2017) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487317695627 · Cited by 21
Tanase, D., Ewert, P., Georgiev, S. G., Meierhofer, C., von Ohain, J. P., McElhinney, D. B., Hager, A., Kühn, A., & Eicken, A. (2017) · JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2017.01.036 · Cited by 21
“All patients underwent a symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test on an electronically braked bicycle in a sitting position according to international guidelines (13).”
MethodMoser, O., Eckstein, M. L., McCarthy, O. M., Deere, R., Bain, S. C., Haahr, H. L., Zijlstra, E., Heise, T., & Bracken, R. M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194750 · Cited by 21
Exercise prescription in patients with cirrhosis: Recommendations for clinical practice
Macías‐Rodríguez, R. U., Ruiz‐Margáin, A., Román-Calleja, B. M., Moreno-Tavarez, E., Weber-Sangri, L., González-Arellano, M. F., Fernández-del-Rivero, G., & Ramírez-Soto, K. (2019) · Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rgmxen.2019.02.013 · Cited by 21
“Cycle ergometry is the most widely used, because it is appropriate for patients with gait instability, orthopedic limitations, or severe obesity.(29) Respiratory gas exchange is measured through oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide elimination (VCO2), through which maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) can be cal…”
BackgroundPhysiological rationale of commonly used clinical exercise tests
Puente‐Maestu, L. (2020) · Pulmonology · doi:10.1016/j.pulmoe.2019.10.004 · Cited by 21
“The cycle-ergometer is used more often than the treadmill because it is less expensive, occupies little space, is less prone to movement artefacts, makes it easier to take additional measurements, requires relatively little practice and unlike the treadmill, the external power output is accurately known.(1,4,5,23) On…”
BackgroundEckstein, M. L., Farinha, J. B., McCarthy, O. M., West, D. J., Yardley, J. E., Bally, L., Züger, T., Stettler, C., Boff, W., Reischak-Oliveira, Á., et al. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-1496 · Cited by 28
Główczyńska, R., Piotrowicz, E., Szalewska, D., Piotrowicz, R., Kowalik, I., Pencina, M. J., Zaręba, W., Banach, M., Orzechowski, P., Pluta, S., et al. (2021) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-021-01292-9 · Cited by 22
“This method provides breath-by-breath gas exchange measures [18] of variables such as O2 uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), and ventilation (VE), which are used to derive various other gas exchange patterns that reflect organ-specific maladaptive responses to exercise [16].”
BackgroundExercise Stress Testing After Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Scoping Review
Gäverth, J., Parker, R. M. N., & MacKay-Lyons, M. J. (2015) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.03.005 · Cited by 21
Hemodynamic gain index in women: A validation study
Vainshelboim, B., Kokkinos, P. F., & MYERS, J. N. (2020) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.03.066 · Cited by 20
Self-citationAnalysis of human neutrophil phenotypes as biomarker to monitor exercise-induced immune changes
Spijkerman, R., Hesselink, L., Bertinetto, C. G., Bongers, C. C. W. G., Hietbrink, F., Vrisekoop, N., Leenen, L. P. H., Hopman, M. T. E., Jansen, J. J., & Koenderman, L. (2020) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.5a0820-436r · Cited by 20
Dutra‐Marques, A. C. B., Rodrigues, S., Cepeda, F. X., Toschi‐Dias, E., Rondon, E., Carvalho, J. C., Alves, M. J. D. N. N., Braga, A., Rondon, M. U. P. B., & Trombetta, I. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.680195 · Cited by 20
Dalia, T., Acharya, P., Chan, W., Sauer, A. J., Weidling, R., Fritzlen, J., Goyal, A., Miller, D., Knipper, E., Porter, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.06.022 · Cited by 20
Bonsignore, A., Marwick, T. H., Adams, S. C., Thampinathan, B., Somerset, E., Amir, E., Walker, M., Abdel-Qadir, H. M., Koch, C. A., Ross, H. J., et al. (2021) · JACC CardioOncology · doi:10.1016/j.jaccao.2021.08.010 · Cited by 20
Smith, D. L., Graham, E. L., Douglas, J. A., Jack, K., Conner, M. J., Arena, R. A., & Chaudhry, S. (2022) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.12.025 · Cited by 20
Self-citationHarrison, M. R., Davis, P. G., Khouri, M. G., Bartlett, D. B., Gupta, R. T., Armstrong, A. J., McNamara, M. A., Zhang, T., Anand, M., Onyenwoke, K., et al. (2022) · Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases · doi:10.1038/s41391-022-00519-4 · Cited by 24
“01) that approximates the decline seen with a decade of normal aging [21, 31].”
Estimating VO2peak in 18–90 Year-Old Adults: Development and Validation of the FitMáx©-Questionnaire
Meijer, R., van Hooff, M., Papen‐Botterhuis, N. E., Molenaar, C. J. L., Regis, M., Timmers, T., van de Poll-Franse, L. V., Savelberg, H. H. C. M., & Schep, G. (2022) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s355589 · Cited by 19
“Based on estimated maximum workload, a ramp protocol was used in which the subject was expected to reach maximum load within approximately 8–12 minutes.(41,42) The person who supervised CPET was blinded for the results of the questionnaires which, if not blinded, could have biased the choice of exercise protocol.”
MethodCardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children With Long COVID: A Case-controlled Study
Baldi, F., Rose, C. D., Mariani, F., Morello, R., Raffaelli, F., Valentini, P., & Buonsenso, D. (2024) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000004371 · Cited by 20
High-Performing Fontan Patients
Alsaied, T., Li, R., Christopher, A. B., Fogel, M. A., Slesnick, T. C., Krishnamurthy, R., Muthurangu, V., Dorfman, A. L., Lam, C. Z., Weigand, J., et al. (2024) · JACC Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101254 · Cited by 21
Heiberg, J., Redington, A. N., & Hjortdal, V. E. (2015) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.166 · Cited by 20
Exercise Capacity in Polycystic Kidney Disease
Reinecke, N. L., Cunha, T. M., Heilberg, I. P., Higa, E. M. S., Nishiura, J. L., Neder, J. A., Almeida, W. S., & Schor, N. (2014) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.03.014 · Cited by 20
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the MRI environment
LaFountain, R. A., da Silveira, J. S., Varghese, J., Mihai, G., SCANDLING, D. M., Craft, J., Swain, C. B., Franco, V., Raman, S. V., Devor, S. T., et al. (2016) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/37/4/n11 · Cited by 21
“CO2), cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) provides a non-invasive, well established method for evaluation of cardiopulmonary diseases, delivers an objective assessment of maximal aerobic capacity, and aids in the assessment of prognosis (Palange et al 2007, Balady et al 2010).”
BackgroundMethodVieira, J. L., Guimarães, G. V., de André, P. A., Saldiva, P. H. N., & Bocchi, E. A. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.071 · Cited by 20
Lin, Y., Huang, H., Lin, W.-H., Wei, J., Chen, J.-C., Kuo, L.-Y., Hsu, C., Chen, B. Y., & Cheng, F.-H. (2016) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.10.076 · Cited by 20
“However, peak VO2 relies entirely on data from the peak segment of exercise and is, therefore, potentially sensitive to many factors, including motivation and insufficient effort.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPhysiological and sensory consequences of exercise oscillatory ventilation in heart failure-COPD
Rocha, A., Arbex, F. F., Alencar, M. C. N., Sperandio, P. A., Hirai, D. M., Berton, D. C., O’Donnell, D. E., & Neder, J. A. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.09.077 · Cited by 20
Maagaard, M., Heiberg, J., & Hjortdal, V. E. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.086 · Cited by 20
Lorenzo, A. D., Lessa, C., Souza, F. C. C., Serra, S. M., Marino, P., & Lima, R. D. S. L. (2017) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.22747 · Cited by 20
Kusunose, K., Yamada, H., Nishio, S., Ishii, A., Hirata, Y., Seno, H., Saijo, Y., Ise, T., Yamaguchi, K., Yagi, S., et al. (2017) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.03.022 · Cited by 20
“We defined peak VO2 as the highest VO2 obtained during and adequately performed test (2).”
MethodNeto, M. G., Duarte, L. F. G., Rodrigues, E. D. S., Bittencourt, H. S., dos Santos, N. G., David, B. C., Lima, E. D. S., & dos Reis, H. F. C. (2017) · Hellenic Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.hjc.2017.11.005 · Cited by 20
Streb, A. R., da Silva, R. P., Leonel, L. D. S., Tozetto, W. R., Gerage, A. M., Benedet, J., Delevatti, R. S., Turnes, T., & Duca, G. F. D. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100358 · Cited by 20
Circulatory and Ventilatory Power: Characterization in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Castello‐Simões, V., Minatel, V., Karsten, M., Simões, R. P., Perseguini, N. M., Milan, J. C., Arena, R. A., Neves, L. M. T., Borghi‐Silva, A., & Catai, A. M. (2015) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.5935/abc.20150035 · Cited by 20
Self-citationVecchia, L. A. D., Barbic, F., MARIA, B. D., Cozzolino, D., Gatti, R., Dipaola, F., Brunetta, E., Zamunér, A. R., Porta, A., & Furlan, R. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216567 · Cited by 21
Hellmark, M., & Bäck, M. (2017) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1177/1474515117743978 · Cited by 19
Nilsson, H., Nylander, E., Borg, S., Tamás, É., & Hedman, K. (2018) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12545 · Cited by 19
“The VO2 on-response kinetics were calculated as the time constant (tau), as described by the following formula: VO2 (time) = VO2 baseline 9 (1 e ) (Jones & Poole, 2005; Balady et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInvasive Hemodynamic and Metabolic Evaluation of HFpEF
Finet, J. E., Iterson, E. H. V., & Tang, W. H. W. (2021) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-021-00904-7 · Cited by 19
Petek, B. J., Churchill, T. W., Guseh, J. S., Loomer, G., Gustus, S. K., Lewis, G. D., Weiner, R. B., Baggish, A. L., & Wasfy, M. M. (2021) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15105 · Cited by 19
“In theory, the development of exerciseinduced myocardial ischemia may lead to left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, loss of SV augmentation, and a plateau or fall in O2 pulse during exercise (Balady et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialRysgaard, U. K., Pedersen, C. L., Jensen, J. H., Sørensen, L., Philipsen, L. K. D., Leo‐Hansen, C., & Olesen, H. V. (2022) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2022.05.009 · Cited by 19
Cardiorespiratory coupling strength in athletes and non-athletes
de Abreu, R. M., Porta, A., Rehder‐Santos, P., Cairo, B., Sakaguchi, C. A., da Silva, C. D., Signini, É. D. F., Milan‐Mattos, J. C., & Catai, A. M. (2022) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2022.103943 · Cited by 19
Exercise Hypertension in Athletes
Keller, K., Hartung, K., Carillo, L. D. C., Treiber, J. M., Stock, F., Schröder, C., Hugenschmidt, F., & Friedmann‐Bette, B. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11164870 · Cited by 20
“The BP responses to exercise are a result of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance [61].”
BackgroundPiatek, K., Feuerstein, A., Zach, V., da Conceicao, C. R., Beblo, A., Belyavskiy, E., Pieske‐Kraigher, E., Krannich, A., Schwedhelm, E., Hinz, S., et al. (2022) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.14116 · Cited by 19
“A peakVO 2 of 14 mL/kg/min could be validated as prognostic cut-off in patients with HFpEF.”
MethodInfluentialSharma, Y., Coronato, N., & Brown, D. E. (2022) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871878 · Cited by 19
“incremental information that has been poorly understood and underutilized by practicing physicians [6].”
Norha, J., Sjöros, T., Garthwaite, T., Laine, S., Saarenhovi, M., Kallio, P., Laitinen, K., Houttu, N., Vähä‐Ypyä, H., Sievänen, H. T., et al. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14371 · Cited by 18
Exercise Physiology and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
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Self-citationA Systematic Review of Dietary Interventions for Cancer Survivors and Their Families or Caregivers
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Evaluating current assessment techniques of cardiorespiratory fitness
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Management of Advanced Heart Failure
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“pected to recover; (2) a bridge to trans-”
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Onofre, T., Oliver, N., Carlos, R., Felismino, A., Corte, R. C., Silva, E., & Bruno, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172894 · Cited by 19
Effect of Exercise on Arterial Stiffness: Is There a Ceiling Effect?
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Inspiratory muscle strength affects anaerobic endurance in professional athletes
Jurić, I., Labor, S., Plavec, D., & Labor, M. (2019) · Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology · doi:10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3182 · Cited by 25
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“All subjects achieved peak test criteria on both tests according to American Heart Association guidelines [27].”
MethodLife-long physical activity restores metabolic and cardiovascular function in type 2 diabetes
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Influence of age in estimating maximal oxygen uptake.
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Self-citationExercise Test Performance Reveals Evidence of the Cardiorespiratory Fitness Hypothesis
Billinger, S. A., Vidoni, E. D., Morris, J. K., Thyfault, J. P., & Burns, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2015-0321 · Cited by 23
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Asthaxanthin Improves Aerobic Exercise Recovery Without Affecting Heat Tolerance in Humans
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“The ventilatory anaerobic threshold (AT) was determined visually by two trained examiners according to the American heart association guidelines (Balady et al., 2010).”
MethodCardiopulmonary exercise testing during pregnancy
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“2021;113:248–264.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/bdr2 aid in risk stratification, disease identification, exercise prescription and can be used to evaluate ongoing treatment plans (Balady et al., 2010a, 2010b).”
BackgroundInfluentialBartolini, S., Baldasseroni, S., Fattirolli, F., Silverii, M. V., Piccioli, L., Perfetto, F., Marchionni, N., Mario, C. D., Martone, R., Taborchi, G., et al. (2020) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02474-1 · Cited by 18
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“Despite the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) being the gold standard for assessing functional aerobic capacity (Balady et al., 2010), HD patients often do not tolerate maximum effort during this test, which limits its use in this population (De M Kohl et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEstimated cardiorespiratory fitness and incident risk of cardiovascular disease in China
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“Cardio-pulmonary exercise testing Prior PEA patients performed a symptom-limited incremental CPET using a ramp protocol with an incremental rate of 5 to 15 W/min judged by the operator (Masterscreen CPX®, Carefusion®), according to current recommendations [27].”
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“This non-invasive, sensitive test provides an assessment of integrative responses of cardiovascular, pulmonary and musculoskeletal systems across a submaximal to maximal continuum and can be utilised to identify fatigue of cardiovascular or respiratory origin [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialMoneghetti, K. J., Hock, J., Kaminsky, L. A., Arena, R. A., Lui, G. K., Haddad, F., Wheeler, M. T., Froelicher, V. F., Ashley, E. A., MYERS, J. N., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.102 · Cited by 19
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Self-citationObesity and hemoglobin content impact peak oxygen uptake in human heart failure
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Self-citationExercise testing for assessment of heart failure in adults with congenital heart disease
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Pyykkönen, H., Rahkonen, O. P., Ratia, N., Lähteenmäki, S., Tikkanen, H. O., Piirilä, P. L., & Pitkänen-Argillander, O. M. (2022) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-021-02806-8 · Cited by 18
“The ventilatory anaerobic compensation threshold was assessed at the point of slope change of V′CO2 exceeding V′O2, increase of V′E/V′O2 compared to V′E/V′CO2, and increase of PetO2 versus PetCO2 (partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in expiratory air) [12].”
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Six-Minute Walk Test Among Heart Transplant Recipients
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Borges, J. P., do Nascimento, A. R., Lopes, G. D. O., Lima, D. J. M. D. M., Coelho, M. P., Nascimento, P. M. C., Kopiler, D. A., Matsuura, C., Mediano, M. F. F., & Tibiriçá, E. V. (2017) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12492 · Cited by 18
“Treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed using a ramp protocol designed to elicit maximal volitional effort within 8–12 min (Balady et al., 2010).”
MethodPrognostic value of six-minute walk distance in patients with heart failure: A meta-analysis
Fan, Y., Gu, X., & Zhang, H. (2018) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487318797400 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Balady, G. J., Arena, R., Sietsema, K., Myers, J., Coke, L., Fletcher, G. F., Forman, D., Franklin, B., Guazzi, M., Gulati, M., Keteyian, S. J., Lavie, C. J., Macko, R., Mancini, D., Milani, R. V., Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, & Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research
- Affiliations
- IRCCS Policlinico San Donato (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2010-07-13
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 191-225
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W2074602210
- Cited by
- 1,964
- References
- 255
- Citations by year
- 2026: 148 · 2025: 128 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 150 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 125 · 2017: 140 · 2016: 122 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 100 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 177.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IK6 RX002477)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- cardiopulmonary exercise testing, oxygen consumption, ventilatory threshold, oxygen uptake efficiency slope, respiratory exchange ratio, ventilatory equivalents, end-tidal carbon dioxide, end-tidal oxygen, arteriovenous oxygen difference, carbon dioxide output, dead space, forced expiratory volume, metabolic equivalents, maximal voluntary ventilation, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, American Heart Association, Cardiovascular Diseases, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Lung Diseases, Male, United States
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