Cited by 849Viral Infections and Immunology ResearchPericarditis and Cardiac TamponadeCardiomyopathy and Myosin Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 123 of the 123 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Management of Acute Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: An Expert Consensus Document

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Abstract

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart that may occur because of infections, immune system activation, or exposure to drugs. The diagnosis of myocarditis has changed due to the introduction of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. We present an expert consensus document aimed to summarize the common terminology related to myocarditis meanwhile highlighting some areas of controversies and uncertainties and the unmet clinical needs. In fact, controversies persist regarding mechanisms that determine the transition from the initial trigger to myocardial inflammation and from acute myocardial damage to chronic ventricular dysfunction. It is still uncertain which viruses (besides enteroviruses) cause direct tissue damage, act as triggers for immune-mediated damage, or both. Regarding terminology, myocarditis can be characterized according to etiology, phase, and severity of the disease, predominant symptoms, and pathological findings. Clinically, acute myocarditis (AM) implies a short time elapsed from the onset of symptoms and diagnosis (generally <1 month). In contrast, chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy indicates myocardial inflammation with established dilated cardiomyopathy or hypokinetic nondilated phenotype, which in the advanced stages evolves into fibrosis without detectable inflammation. Suggested diagnostic and treatment recommendations for AM and chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy are mainly based on expert opinion given the lack of well-designed contemporary clinical studies in the field. We will provide a shared and practical approach to patient diagnosis and management, underlying differences between the European and US scientific statements on this topic. We explain the role of histology that defines subtypes of myocarditis and its prognostic and therapeutic implications.

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Crossref · 10.1161/circheartfailure.120.007405

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  1. 10.1161/CIR0000000000000745 · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Ammirati, E., Frigerio, M., Adler, E. D., Basso, C., Birnie, D. H., Brambatti, M., Friedrich, M. G., Klingel, K., Lehtonen, J., Moslehi, J. J., Pedrotti, P., Rimoldi, O. E., Schultheiss, H.-P., Tschöpe, C., Cooper, L. T., & Camici, P. G.
Affiliations
  • Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
  • Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda (IT)
  • University of California San Diego (US)
  • University of Padua (IT)
  • Ottawa Heart Institute (CA)
  • Ionis Pharmaceuticals (United States) (US)
  • McGill University (CA)
  • Universitätsklinikum Tübingen (DE)
  • Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
  • Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
  • IBFM CNR, Segrate, Italy (O.E.R.).
  • Institute for Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, Berlin, Germany (H.-P.S.).
  • Berlin-Brandenburger Centrum für Regenerative Therapien (DE)
  • Mayo Clinic (US)
Corresponding author
  • Ammirati, Enrico
  • Camici, Paolo G.
Venue
Circulation: Heart Failure
Published
2020-11
Volume
13
Issue
11
Pages
e007405-e007405
ISSN
  • 1941-3289 (ISSN-L)
  • 1941-3297
OpenAlex
W3103940138
Cited by
811
References
123
Citations by year
2026: 122 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 185 · 2023: 150 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 1
FWCI
53.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Circulation Heart Failure (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung
  • Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
  • Regione del Veneto
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL141466, R01HL155990)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiomyopathy and Myosin Studies
Keywords
acute myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, viral myocarditis, myocardial fibrosis, histopathology, prognosis, treatment guidelines, expert consensus
MeSH terms
Acute Disease, Cardiology, Chronic Disease, Humans, Myocarditis, Terminology as Topic, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk Factors, Treatment Outcome, Consensus

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