The DOI matches its Crossref record; 232 of the 232 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Noninherited Risk Factors and Congenital Cardiovascular Defects: Current Knowledge: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young: Endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics
Abstract
Prevention of congenital cardiovascular defects has been hampered by a lack of information about modifiable risk factors for abnormalities in cardiac development. Over the past decade, there have been major breakthroughs in the understanding of inherited causes of congenital heart disease, including the identification of specific genetic abnormalities for some types of malformations. Although relatively less information has been available on noninherited modifiable factors that may have an adverse effect on the fetal heart, there is a growing body of epidemiological literature on this topic. This statement summarizes the currently available literature on potential fetal exposures that might alter risk for cardiovascular defects. Information is summarized for periconceptional multivitamin or folic acid intake, which may reduce the risk of cardiac disease in the fetus, and for additional types of potential exposures that may increase the risk, including maternal illnesses, maternal therapeutic and nontherapeutic drug exposures, environmental exposures, and paternal exposures. Information is highlighted regarding definitive risk factors such as maternal rubella; phenylketonuria; pregestational diabetes; exposure to thalidomide, vitamin A cogeners, or retinoids; and indomethacin tocolysis. Caveats regarding interpretation of possible exposure-outcome relationships from case-control studies are given because this type of study has provided most of the available information. Guidelines for prospective parents that could reduce the likelihood that their child will have a major cardiac malformation are given. Issues related to pregnancy monitoring are discussed. Knowledge gaps and future sources of new information on risk factors are described.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“No clear association has been found in humans between moderate doses of caffeine ingestion during pregnancy and birth defects, including congenital heart disease (132).”
From The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review (2017) · cites this paper as [132]
Citations
Cites
Rosamond, W., Flegal, K., Friday, G., Furie, K., Go, A., Greenlund, K., Haase, N., Ho, M., Howard, V., Kissela, B., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.179918 · Cited by 3,277
The Continuing Epidemics of Obesity and Diabetes in the United States
Mokdad, A. H. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.10.1195 · Cited by 2,730
Harris, M. I., Flegal, K. M., Cowie, C. C., Eberhardt, M. S., Goldstein, D. E., Little, R. R., Wiedmeyer, H.-M., & Byrd-Holt, D. D. (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.4.518 · Cited by 2,703
Buchanan, T. A., & Xiang, A. H. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200524531 · Cited by 2,123
Maternal Pesticide Exposure from Multiple Sources and Selected Congenital Anomalies
Shaw, G. M., Wasserman, C. R., O’Malley, C. D., Nelson, V. E., & Jackson, R. J. (1999) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199901000-00011 · Cited by 1,783
Clarren, S. K., & Smith, D. W. (1978) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197805112981906 · Cited by 1,359
Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors
Cooper, W. O., Hernandez-Diaz, S., Arbogast, P. G., Dudley, J. A., Dyer, S., Gideon, P. S., Hall, K., & Ray, W. A. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa055202 · Cited by 1,192
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: PREVALENCE AT LIVEBIRTH
Ferencz, C., Rubin, J. D., McCarter, R., Brenner, J. I., Neill, C. A., Perry, L. W., Hepner, S. I., & Downing, J. W. (1985) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113979 · Cited by 1,025
Congenital Cataract Following German Measles in the Mother
Gregg, N. M. (1941) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6621-8_22 · Cited by 888
Genetic Basis for Congenital Heart Defects: Current Knowledge
Pierpont, M. E., Basson, C. T., Benson, D. W., Gelb, B. D., Giglia, T. M., Goldmuntz, E., McGee, G., Sable, C., Srivastava, D., & Webb, C. L. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.183056 · Cited by 850
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Gregg NM. Further observations on congenital defects in infants following maternal rubella. Trans Ophthalmol Soc Aust. 1944; 4: 119–131.
- 10.1161/circ.56.1.301070 · DOI
- Bracken MB. Drug use in pregnancy and congenital heart disease in offspring. N Engl J Med. 1986; 314: 1120.
- 10.1001/jama.1981.03320040015021 · DOI
- Netter JC, Choulot JJ, Dagues-Bie M. Oligohydramnios and persistent pulmonary arterial hypertension after use of ketoprofen during pregnancy. Sem Hop Paris. 1990; 66: 1953–1954.Abstract.
- 10.1097/00001648-199909000-00008 · DOI
- 10.1161/circ.47.2.359 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 844
ANALYSIS OF GENETIC MUTATIONS CONTRIBUTING TO CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS IN AN ENU INDUCED MOUSE MODEL
Smith, L. C. (2014) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Adults with Congenital Heart Disease And Family Planning Decisions
Osteen, K. A. (2014) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington)
DeMare, C. R., & O’Keefe, C. (2014) · Journal of Doctoral Nursing Practice · doi:10.1891/1939-2095.7.2.154
Czeizel, A. E. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22431-2_32
Risk Factors for Congenital Heart Diseases in a Group of Children in Holy Karbala Governorate/IRAQ
Abdulwahid, M. K., Easa, Z. O., Hadi, A. A., & Abdulrazzaq, N. F. (2016) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform)
Cardiac Embryology and Genetics
Juraszek, A. L. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5225-8.00105-7
Firl, K. C., King, J. S., Makambi, K. H., & Loffredo, C. A. (2016) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s104795111600130x
Samadi, M., Khosroshahi, A. J., Macooie, A. A., Eskandartash, E., & Anvari, S. (2017) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
MATERNAL CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS IN RODENT MODELS OF PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS
Aasa, K. L. (2015) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Early Maternal Tobacco Smoking and Congenital Heart Defects
(2015) · AAP Grand Rounds · doi:10.1542/gr.34-2-14
Familial Inheritance in Congenital Heart Disease: A Focus on Tetralogy of Fallot
Swaby, J.-A. (2011) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
IS LOW BIRTH WEIGHT ASSOCIATED WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE?
Bage, N. N., & Bage, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences · doi:10.14260/jemds/2016/206
Tavakkoli, T.-A. (2016) · mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich)
Feasibility of a healthcare system-based tetralogy of Fallot patient registry
Khoury, A. L., Jernigan, E. G., Chowdhury, M. H., Loehr, L. R., & Nelson, J. S. (2017) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951117001810
Piran, S. (2010) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Barwinska, D. (2017) · IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) · doi:10.7912/c2/2024
Mohammed, O. J. (2017) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)
Maternal, Familial, and Non‐Cardiac Fetal Conditions Affecting the Fetal and Neonatal Heart
Geiger, M. K., & Moon‐Grady, A. J. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118635520.ch2
Middle aortic syndrome : à propos d’un cas
Toufga, Z., Edderai, M., Mahi, M., Fenni, J. E., Amil, T., & Jidal, M. (2018) · Journal d imagerie diagnostique et interventionnelle · doi:10.1016/j.jidi.2017.10.002
Novel biodegradable patch for atrial septal defect closure
Kaiser, E. (2016)
Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum
Grenier, M. A., & Scholl, F. G. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-0760-7.00061-9
Comparison of three cases of secundum atrial septal defect
Đorđević, G. (2018) · Timocki medicinski glasnik · doi:10.5937/tmg1803112d
Heart murmurs in children – when to worry?
Derewicz, D., Cinteză, E. E., & Bălgrădean, M. (2018) · Pediatru ro · doi:10.26416/pedi.52.4.2018.2151
Ahern, M. M., HENDRYX, M. S., Conley, J., Fedorko, E., DUCATMAN, A. M., & Zullig, K. J. (2011)
Structural Heart Disease: Genetic Influences
Mercer, C. L., & Wilson, D. I. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108564434.014
Ngwezi, D. P. (2018) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3kw5807p
Ethical Considerations in Patients with Extracardiac or Genetic Anomalies
Gandhi, R., & Patel, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35660-6_6
CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR CYTOGENETIC STUDIES ON ABORTED FOETUSES
Sumitha Prabhu, P. S., Sharath Krishnan, P. V., Pt, K., William, A., Aneesh, P., & Dinesh Roy, D. (2020) · Indian Journal Of Applied Research · doi:10.36106/ijar/9415874
Congenital heart disease in neonates with external congenital anomalies in Jos, Nigeria
Ige, O., Yilgwan, C. S., Sagay, A., Kanki, P., & Thomas, F. (2020) · Journal of Medicine in the Tropics · doi:10.4103/jomt.jomt_22_19
Adverse paediatric outcomes of macrolide antibiotics treatment in pregnancy
Fan, H. (2020) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Važnost epidemioloških istraživanja za genetičke spoznaje na primjeru iz pedijatrijske kardiologije
Malčić, I., Dilber, D., & Putarek, N. R. (2013) · Paediatria Croatica · doi:10.13112/pc.658
Prevalencia de cardiopatías congénitas en niños adoptados internacionalmente
Oliván-Gonzalvo, G., & Gracia-Balaguer, J. (2021) · Anales de Pediatría · doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.12.009
Саидова, С. (2021) · Общество и инновации · doi:10.47689/2181-1415-vol2-iss2/s-pp447-454
Prevalence of congenital heart defects in internationally adopted children
Oliván-Gonzalvo, G., & Gracia-Balaguer, J. (2021) · Anales de Pediatría (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.anpede.2020.12.014
Saidova, S. Y. (2021) · ACADEMICIA An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal · doi:10.5958/2249-7137.2021.02046.2
journal, E. (2013) · EMBnet journal · doi:10.14806/ej.19.b.749
Krishnamurthy, G., Cheung, E. W., & Hellenbrand, W. E. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6356-5_20
Congenital Abnormalities of the Fetal Heart
Iliescu, D. G., Tudorache, Ş., Nemescu, D., Cîrstoiu, M. M., Vlădăreanu, S., Mărginean, C., Ceauşu, I., Mureșan, D., Vicea, M. C., Zvanca, M. E., et al. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.74077
Braillon, A., & Bewley, S. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.o464
Cœur et pathologies maternelles
(2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-72878-5.00011-8
Physical, Physiological, Biological, and Behavioural States of the Human Body
Sanei, S., Jarchi, D., & Constantinides, A. G. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119390060.ch2
Li, J., Zhang, C., Mao, B., Liu, Q., Wang, Y., Dai, Z., Yi, B., & Liu, Q. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2062875/v1
Environmental and genetic conditions associated with heart disease in children
Johnson, W. H., & Hebson, C. L. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119829775.ch2
Incidence of nonsyndromic congenital heart defects in the Republic of Srpska in the period 2015-2016
Marić, N., Samardžić, J. P., & Djukic, D. (2022) · Vojnosanitetski pregled · doi:10.2298/vsp220130102m
Preoperative Diagnostic Evaluation
Deal, B. J., Hauck, A. L., Tsao, S. S. L., Patel, A., Lee, S., & McElhinney, D. B. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119282327.ch4
Vlasova, O. V., & Lastivka, I. V. (2018) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.1482916
Teratogenic Factors Contributing to the Development of Congenital Heart Defects
Zegelbone, P. M., & Patel, S. S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42937-9_10-1
Serum ADAMTS-9 Level in Newborn Babies with Congenital Heart Disease
Becerir, C., Tayman, C., Kurt, A., Çakır, U., Koyuncu, İ., Ceran, B., Toprak, K., & Kızılgün, M. (2023) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/a-2125-1330
Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Bédard, É., & Gatzoulis, M. Α. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444309768.ch63
Genetic abnormalities in sonographically detected heart diseases in antenatal period: A case series
Chaudhary, Y. S., Patil, S. S., & Thakur, V. A. (2023) · Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research · doi:10.18231/j.ijogr.2023.098
Distribuição dos casos de cardiopatias congênitas em um hospital do Oeste Paulista
Carapeba, B. M. C. B. D. M., Costa, S. M., Giuffrida, R., Favareto, A. P. A., Ramos, A. P. M., Mello, F. D. A., Rodrigues, M. V. P., & Rossi, R. C. (2023) · Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.11606/issn.2176-7262.rmrp.2023.202969
Szülői foglalkozási expozíciók szerepe a veleszületett szívrendellenességek kialakulásában
Fazekas‐Pongor, V., Pénzes, M., Csáky‐Szunyogh, M., Pártos, K., & Dósa, N. (2023) · Egészségfejlesztés · doi:10.24365/ef.12106
Kardiyovasküler Cerrahi Aciller
Yaşa, H. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub411
Akhmedova, D. I., & Сотволдиева, М. (2024) · Международный журнал научной педиатрии · doi:10.56121/2181-2926-2024-3-1-28-39
Analysis of the Frequency and Structure of Congenital Heart Defects in Children
Zaripov, D. (2024) · Bulletin of Science and Practice · doi:10.33619/2414-2948/100/46
Amanzholova, A., Morenko, M., Bekishev, B., Ivanova-Razumova, T., Baiko, S., Koichubayeva, D., & Zhailauova, A. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4208282/v1
Cardiac Embryology and Genetics
Juraszek, A. L. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24126-7.00104-6
Khandelwal, R., & Vagha, J. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.144932.1
Reynolds, W. T., Votava‐Smith, J. K., Gabriel, G. C., Lee, V., Rajagopalan, V., Wu, Y. L., Liu, X., Yagi, H., Slabicki, R., Gibbs, B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13195772
Genetika u razumijevanju sindroma hipoplastičnog lijevog srca
Malčić, I., Dasović-Buljević, A., & Grgat, J. (2013) · Paediatria Croatica · doi:10.13112/pc.654
Characteristics of Pregnant Women with Diabetes Mellitus and Their Babies in Korea
Kim, D., Cho, K., & Lee, J. (2024) · Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.5385/nm.2024.31.3.47
Luo, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, G., Liu, W., Gao, Y., Zhou, T., & Zhao, Z. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5357930/v1
Alliende, M. V., Calvo, V., Dukes, T., Irarrázabal, E., Klein, I., & Pastor, J. V. (2022) · Revista Confluencia · doi:10.52611/confluencia.num1.2022.726
Escrucería, S. L., Franco, S. S., Madariaga, I., Patiño-Cuervo, D. C., León-Sanabria, M. C., Rosselli, D., Zarante, I., & Gracia-Charry, G. M. (2025) · Pediatría · doi:10.14295/rp.v57i2.441
Ullah, M. A., Mamun, S., Saha, H., & Al-Miraj, A. K. (2025) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20250658
Lim, Z. N., & Corno, A. F. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-24098-0.00002-5
СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ О МАЛЫХ АНОМАЛИЯХ СЕРДЦА У ДЕТЕЙ
Ачилова, Ф. (2025) · Международный журнал научной педиатрии · doi:10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-2-947-953
Duong, T. B., Fernandes, A. T., Ravisankar, P., Talbot, J. C., & Waxman, J. S. (2025) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.04.017
Reece, A. S., & Hulse, G. K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13492-0.00027-x
Reece, A. S., & Hulse, G. K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13492-0.00009-8
Vita, M. C., Fantozzi, N., Ortiz, F. M., Lullo, L. D., Kokal, R., Peralta, S., & Lalla, S. D. (2026) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0005217
Al-Shawki, Y. M. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7662598/v1
Brown, J. P., Huybrechts, K. F., Straub, L., Heider, D., Bateman, B. T., & Hernández–Dı́az, S. (2025) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-025-01139-4
The Heart from Every Angle: Recent Approaches To Modeling Congenital Heart Disease
Ebrahim, T. A. M., Richter, F., Gelb, B. D., & Dubois, N. C. (2025) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-025-01123-0
Aricatt, D. P., Samapriya, N., & Somesh, M. S. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research · doi:10.18231/j.ijcbr.13060.1759558940
MODERN PRINCIPLES OF CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS IN CHILDREN
Zhaulibayeva, G. S., & Valizhanovna, K. L. (. (2025) · Journal of new century innovations · doi:10.64941/fn544794
Varela, M., Ampuja, M., Broberg, M. E., Ranta, A., Talman, V., & Helle, E. (2026) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-026-11127-3
Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: A Genetic Perspective
Baban, A., Parlapiano, G., Novelli, A., & Butera, G. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-702-08231-3.00003-x
Qin, Z., Chen, R., & Song, D. (2025) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2025.13776
Tuffnell, M. E. (2011) · e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University)
Moghimi, F. H. (2014) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27340311
Yuan, X., Liu, Z., Zhu, J., Yu, P., Deng, Y., Chen, X., Li, N., Li, S., Yang, S., Li, J., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12762556
Gestational Programming of the Cardiovascular System
Rugonyi, S. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394445-0.00036-9
Hudani, A. (2023) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/40762
Initiation and Maintenance of Physical Activity Behaviour in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease
MacCosham, B. (2021) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-27256
Taylor, K., Wootton, R. E., Yang, Q., Oddie, S., Wright, J., Yang, T. C., Magnus, M., Andreassen, O. A., Borges, M. C., Caputo, M., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22610789
Yuan, X., Liu, Z., Zhu, J., Yu, P., Deng, Y., Chen, X., Li, N., Li, S., Yang, S., Li, J., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12762559
Zhang, D., Zhu, Y.-B., Zhou, S.-J., Chen, X.-H., Li, H.-B., Liu, W., Wu, Z., Chen, Q., & Cao, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25706076
Yuan, X., Liu, Z., Zhu, J., Yu, P., Deng, Y., Chen, X., Li, N., Li, S., Yang, S., Li, J., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12762565
Metadata
- Authors
- Jenkins, K. J., Correa, A., Feinstein, J. A., Botto, L., Britt, A. E., Daniels, S. R., Elixson, M., Warnes, C. A., & Webb, C. L.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2007-06-12
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 2995-3014
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W2617245041
- Cited by
- 818
- References
- 232
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Congenital Heart Disease Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Congenital heart defects research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- congenital heart disease, modifiable risk factors, fetal heart development, periconceptional folic acid supplementation, maternal rubella infection, phenylketonuria, pregestational diabetes, thalidomide, retinoids, prenatal drug exposure, environmental exposure, paternal exposure, pregnancy monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Female, Fetal Diseases, Heart Defects, Congenital, Humans, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Cardiovascular Abnormalities, Maternal Exposure, Dietary Supplements
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review