The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 30 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men: Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications
Open accessAbstract
Background— Healthy lifestyle choices such as eating a prudent diet, exercising regularly, managing weight, and not smoking may substantially reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) risk by improving lipids, blood pressure, and other risk factors. The burden of CHD that could be avoided through adherence to these modifiable lifestyle factors has not been assessed among middle-aged and older US men, specifically men taking medications for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. Methods and Results— We prospectively monitored 42 847 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 40 to 75 years of age and free of disease in 1986. Lifestyle factors were updated through self-reported questionnaires. Low risk was defined as (1) absence of smoking, (2) body mass index <25 kg/m 2 , (3) moderate-to-vigorous activity ≥30 min/d, (4) moderate alcohol consumption (5 to 30 g/d), and (5) the top 40% of the distribution for a healthy diet score. Over 16 years, we documented 2183 incident cases of CHD (nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal CHD). In multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, men who were at low risk for 5 lifestyle factors had a lower risk of CHD (relative risk: 0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09, 0.19) compared with men who were at low risk for no lifestyle factors. Sixty-two percent (95% CI: 49%, 74%) of coronary events in this cohort may have been prevented with better adherence to these 5 healthy lifestyle practices. Among men taking medication for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, 57% (95% CI: 32%, 79%) of all coronary events may have been prevented with a low-risk lifestyle. Compared with men who did not make lifestyle changes during follow-up, those who adopted ≥2 additional low-risk lifestyle factors had a 27% (95% CI: 7%, 43%) lower risk of CHD. Conclusions— A majority of CHD events among US men may be preventable through adherence to healthy lifestyle practices, even among those taking medications for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 42,847 US male health professionals followed for 16 years, adherence to five low-risk lifestyle factors was associated with substantially lower coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, and 62% of coronary events may have been preventable. The inverse association persisted among men taking antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications, with a population-attributable risk of 57%.
Key findings
- Over 16 years, 2,183 incident CHD cases occurred. Men at low risk for all 5 lifestyle factors had an RR of 0.13 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.19) compared with men at low risk for none; the population-attributable risk was 62% (95% CI: 49%, 74%).
- Among users of lipid-lowering or antihypertensive medications, the population-attributable risk for all 5 low-risk factors was 57% (95% CI: 32%, 79%); among nonusers it was 66% (95% CI: 49%, 79%). By age, population-attributable risk was 79% (95% CI: 61%, 90%) for men <65 years and 47% (95% CI: 27%, 68%) for men ≥65 years.
- Men who adopted ≥2 additional low-risk lifestyle factors during follow-up had an RR of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.93) compared with men who did not change; men who reduced their score by ≥2 factors had an RR of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.88).
- In multivariate models including all lifestyle factors, low-risk categories were independently associated with lower CHD risk: not currently smoking RR 0.47 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.54), BMI <25 kg/m² RR 0.70 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.77), exercise ≥3.5 h/wk RR 0.83 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.92), diet score top 40% RR 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.92), and alcohol 5–30 g/d RR 0.79 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.87).
Methods
- Prospective cohort study of 42,847 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, aged 40–75 years and free of disease in 1986, followed through January 31, 2002. Lifestyle factors were updated through biennial questionnaires, with diet assessed every 4 years by a 131-item food frequency questionnaire.
- Low risk was defined as not currently smoking, BMI <25 kg/m², moderate-to-vigorous activity ≥30 min/d, moderate alcohol intake (5–30 g/d), and a diet score in the top 40% of the cohort’s Alternate Healthy Eating Index distribution. A healthy lifestyle score summed the number of low-risk factors (0–5).
- Cox proportional hazards models estimated relative risks, adjusted for age, calendar year, parental history of MI, history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, aspirin use, and antihypertensive medication use. Population-attributable risks were calculated, and change in lifestyle was analyzed among 33,759 men who completed baseline and at least one follow-up questionnaire.
Limitations
- The paper states it was observational, not a clinical trial; self-reported measurement error is inevitable and likely nondifferential, which would attenuate true relative risks. It also notes that only 4% of men adopted all healthy practices, that the healthiest men could not increase their score by 2 factors, and that the cohort was healthier than the general US male population.
- Evident from the text and tables: the medication subgroup analyses had few cases, especially for lipid-lowering medication users at low risk for all 5 factors (3 cases; RR 0.31, 95% CI: 0.07, 1.30), making those estimates imprecise.
- Evident from the text: the cohort consisted of highly educated male health professionals, so findings may not generalize to other populations.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For each lifestyle factor, we observed an inverse association with risk of CHD, which remained significant when all 5 lifestyle factors were included in the same model (Table 1).”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, men who were at low risk for 5 lifestyle factors had a lower risk of CHD (relative risk: 0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09, 0.19) compared with men who were at low risk for no lifestyle factors.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among these medication users (and also among nonusers), the healthy lifestyle score was significantly inversely associated with risk of CHD (Figure 2).”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When categorized as a dichotomous variable, being at low risk for each lifestyle factor was still significantly and independently associated with lower risk.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the healthy lifestyle score was significantly inversely associated with risk of CHD (P for trend, Ͻ0.0001) (Figure 1).”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Men at low risk for Ն1 lifestyle factor had a significantly lower risk of CHD, compared with men at low risk for none of the 5 factors.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among men taking medication for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, 57% (95% CI: 32%, 79%) of all coronary events may have been prevented with a low-risk lifestyle.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Among medication users, the population-attributable risk for adhering to all 5 low-risk lifestyle practices was 57% (95% CI: 32%, 79%) (Table 3).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“In our cohort, the population-attributable risk for men at low risk for all 5 lifestyle factors was 57% among the users of cardiovascular medications.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: A causal relation exists between low-risk lifestyle practices and risk of CHD.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixty-two percent (95% CI: 49%, 74%) of coronary events in this cohort may have been prevented with better adherence to these 5 healthy lifestyle practices.”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“This translates to a population-attributable risk of 62% (95% CI: 49%, 74%), suggesting that a majority of coronary disease in this population may be attributed to poor adherence to a healthy lifestyle.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“In this population of male health professionals, 62% of all coronary events may have been avoided had all men adhered to a low-risk lifestyle of not smoking, exercising regularly, eating prudently, consuming alcohol in moderation, and maintaining a healthy weight.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: A causal relation exists between low-risk lifestyle practices and risk of CHD.
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with men who did not make lifestyle changes during follow-up, those who adopted Ն2 additional low-risk lifestyle factors had a 27% (95% CI: 7%, 43%) lower risk of CHD.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Men who adopted at least 2 new healthy characteristics during follow-up had a relative risk of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.93) compared with men who did not change, controlling for the number at baseline (Table 4).”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Men at low risk for all 5 factors had the lowest risk.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over 16 years, we documented 2183 incident cases of CHD (nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal CHD).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“After 16 years of follow-up, we documented 2183 incident coronary events.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2,183Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The average HEI score of 68.3, within this cohort, 45 is slightly higher than the mean HEI score of 65.2 among US men 51 years or older.46”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] source
- Not checked yetcites [46]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P for trend, Ͻ0.0001.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P for trend, Ͻ0.0001 for both users and nonusers of medication.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, calendar year, parental history of MI, history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, aspirin use, and antihypertensive medication use.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Statistical Analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Little is known about the relation between combined healthy lifestyle choices and incident CHD among middle-aged and older men, especially those who are reducing their risk by using drugs for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Clinical Perspective p 167
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pharmacological therapies, including lipidlowering and antihypertensive medications, are efficacious in lowering some of these risk factors, 2,3 typically reducing cardiovascular disease risk by 20% to 30%.2,4”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Abstract
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because diagnosis of diabetes, angina, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or revascularization surgery may lead to changes in diet, we stopped updating dietary information after new diagnoses of these outcomes during follow-up.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Statistical Analysis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Healthy diet and other lifestyle practices, including not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and exercising daily, also improve these clinical risk factors as well as reduce inflammation, homocysteine, glucose intolerance, and arrhythmias.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Clinical Perspective p 167
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A healthy lifestyle has been associated with lower risk of incident coronary events among middle-aged women 13 and lower risk of CHD mortality in a population of elderly men and women.14”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Clinical Perspective p 167
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We used the cumulative average of the AHEI-based diet score from repeated dietary assessments to represent long-term dietary information and minimize within-person variation.29”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We used both confirmed and probable cases, as results were similar when we excluded probable cases (17% of cases).”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Outcome Ascertainment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is consistent with guidelines for moderate alcohol consumption, 26 although higher amounts of alcohol intake are associated with lower risk of CHD.27”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Exposure and Covariate Ascertainment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Participants reported the average time engaged in specific activities biennially, using an activity questionnaire previously validated within a subset of this cohort.17”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Exposure and Covariate Ascertainment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The observational design and repeated measures of diet and lifestyle allowed us to assess the consequences of changes in multiple lifestyle factors, which generally occur in free-living populations.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For individuals missing information on any lifestyle factor, we carried forward information from the previous questionnaire, when available.Men with residual missing values were placed in the high-risk category, to give the most conservative estimate.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Statistical Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our analysis, we estimated the impact of multiple lifestyle factors simultaneously, which would be difficult if not impossible to study in a trial with 16 years of follow-up.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the prospective design of the study, this misclassification should be nondifferential with respect to disease status and would attenuate the true relative risk.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Measurement error in self-reported variables is inevitable.
The authors state this as an assumption.
A causal relation exists between low-risk lifestyle practices and risk of CHD.
“assuming a causal relation between the low-risk lifestyle practices and risk of CHD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A combination of healthy lifestyle choices has a greater impact than any single lifestyle factor.
“but a combination of healthy lifestyle choices has a greater impact than any single lifestyle factor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Coronary disease remains elevated among users of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications.
“but coronary disease remains elevated in this population.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Measurement error in self-reported variables is inevitable.
“measurement error in selfreported variables is inevitable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed associations between low-risk lifestyle factors and CHD are causal.
“A randomized clinical trial is ideal to establish causality of these lifestyle factors on risk of CHD.”
“We still conclude that a majority of cases of CHD among this low-risk population of men may have been prevented through a healthy lifestyle.”
Claims other papers make about this one
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In the citing paper
“Among populations with traditional healthy lifestyle behaviors, the prevalences of obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus are far less than in industrialized populations, even after adjustment for age.49 -52”
From Beyond Established and Novel Risk Factors: Lifestyle Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease (2008) · cites this paper as [49]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
The older age subgroup has conflicting boundaries
MinorThe table labels the older subgroup as over 65, while the Results describe it as 65 or older. These definitions differ for men aged exactly 65.
“Ͼ65 years old (29%) 1160 23 4 0.52 (0.34-0.79) 47 (27-68)”
“among men 65 years or older (populationattributable risk: 47%; 95% CI: 27%, 68%)”
Citations
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Healthy living and cancer: evidence from UK Biobank
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Cardiovascular disease lifestyle risk factors in people with psychosis: a cross-sectional study
Mucheru, D., Hanlon, M., Campbell, L., McEvoy, M., & MacDonald‐Wicks, L. K. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5649-5 · Cited by 15
“In a prospective cohort study of 42,847 otherwise-healthy men taking medications for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, 62% of deaths from coronary heart disease could have been prevented by adhering to dietary guidelines, not smoking and engaging in at least 30 min of physical activity per day [19].”
BackgroundThe Metabolic Effects of Omega-3 Plant Sterol Esters in Mixed Hyperlipidemic Subjects
Bitzur, R., Cohen, H., Cohen, T., Dror, T. W., Herzog, Y., Lifshitz, Y., Lubish, T., Harats, D., & Rubinstein, A. (2010) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-010-6249-5 · Cited by 14
“However, many people fail to achieve and maintain a healthy lifestyle [ 3 ], while others remain dyslipidemic despite adherence to diet.”
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Morin, É., Michaud‐Létourneau, I., Couturier, Y., & Roy, M. (2019) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2019.03.020 · Cited by 15
“Healthy lifestyles reduce the risk of myocardial infarction up to 94% [5 7], but medicine reduces the risk by 30% [8].”
BackgroundZhao, L., Zhou, X., Chen, Y., Dong, Q., Zheng, Q., Wang, Y., Li, L., Zhao, D., Ji, B., Xu, F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13463 · Cited by 12
“26 Numerous studies also support the prognostic importance of reasonable control of blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids.”
BackgroundA Point‐by‐Point Response to Recent Arguments Against the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention
Joshi, P. H., Chaudhari, S., Blaha, M. J., Jones, S. R., Martin, S. S., Post, W. S., Cannon, C. P., Fonarow, G. C., Wong, N. D., Amsterdam, E. A., et al. (2012) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.22016 · Cited by 13
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“Epidemiological studies have showed the correlation between healthy lifestyle factors and reduced risks of myocardial infarction (MI) and CHD mortality([6-9]).”
Backgroundon behalf of NID-2 study group, Sasso, F. C., Lascar, N., Ascione, A., Carbonara, O., Nicola, L. D., Minutolo, R., Salvatore, T., Rizzo, M. R., Cirillo, P. L., et al. (2016) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0463-9 · Cited by 12
Suboptimal Health Status and Cardiovascular Deficits
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A sad heart: Depression and favorable cardiovascular health in Brazil
Bousquet‐Santos, K., Chen, R., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106378 · Cited by 12
Peng, W., Bai, X., Yang, Y., Cui, J., Xu, W., Song, L., Yang, H., He, W., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2024.100635 · Cited by 12
“Previous studies have investigated the combined effects of preventive medication and multiple healthy lifestyles on health outcomes, but these studies did not target to candidates for primary prevention of CVD [11,13-15] or were limited by outdated lifestyle data [9,13,14].”
BackgroundThe difficulty of making healthy choices and “health in all policies”
Carrera, P. M. (2014) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.13.121673 · Cited by 12
Dietary Patterns, Smoking, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Complex Association
Kimokoti, R. W., & Newby, P. K. (2013) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-013-0043-5 · Cited by 13
“) [27–38].”
BackgroundInfluentialCardiovascular prevention: Lifestyle and statins – competitors or companions?
Opie, L. H., & Dalby, A. J. (2014) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.7942 · Cited by 12
Winning, A., McCormick, M. C., Glymour, M. M., Gilsanz, P., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kax001 · Cited by 11
Assessment of health promoting lifestyle behaviours of adults living in the semi-rural area
Aygar, H. (2018) · Northern Clinics of Istanbul · doi:10.14744/nci.2017.19327 · Cited by 12
“It has been reported that diseases and deaths decrease and quality of life increases in individuals with healthy lifestyle [7-9].”
BackgroundKoenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0001 · Cited by 12
Wakasugi, M., Narita, I., Iseki, K., Asahi, K., Yamagata, K., Fujimoto, S., Moriyama, T., Konta, T., Tsuruya, K., Kasahara, M., et al. (2021) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.6531-20 · Cited by 11
“The optimal body weight was defined as BMI <25 kg/m(2), the standard World Health Organization cut-off for healthy weight, in agreement with previous studies (5-7, 11-13).”
InfluentialLifestyle and diet : review article
Opie, L. H. (2014) · Cardiovascular journal of South Africa/Cardiovascular journal of Southern Africa · doi:10.5830/cvja-2014-063 · Cited by 11
“These proposals are based on a series of important studies on over 100 000 US health professionals over 10 to 25 years, which defined the contribution to health of four major lifestyle factors, only one of which is diet (Table 1).(2,4,5) While there are many diets to choose from, the majority focusing on weight loss,…”
BackgroundA Hierarchical Fuzzy System for Risk Assessment of Cardiovascular Disease
Casalino, G., Grassi, R., Iannotta, M., Pasquadibisceglie, V., & Zaza, G. (2020) · IEEE Conference on Evolving and Adaptive Intelligent Systems (EAIS) · doi:10.1109/eais48028.2020.9122750 · Cited by 12
“Thus healthy lifestyle is fundamental to limit risk factors [2].”
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Kozbenko, T., Adam, N., Grybas, V. S., Smith, B. J., Alomar, D., Hocking, R., Abdelaziz, J., Pace, A., Boerma, M., Azimzadeh, O., et al. (2024) · Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis · doi:10.1002/em.22636 · Cited by 14
“While encouraging lifestyle changes can be a policy and societal challenge, modification of lifestyle factors has been suggested to be more effective in mitigating cardiovascular risk than pharmacological intervention for symptoms (Chiuve et al., 2006).”
Cho, E. E., Maclagan, L. C., Chu, A., Croxford, R., Sin, D. D., Udell, J. A., Lee, D. S., Austin, P. C., & Gershon, A. S. (2025) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thorax-2023-220991 · Cited by 11
“Previous studies have shown that these factors are important in reducing the incidence of chronic conditions including CVDs. 52 53 We found a trend of more physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption in the CVD-only cohort than those with concomitant CVD and COPD (table 1).”
Núñez-Cortés, J. M., Pedro‐Botet, J., & Pintó, X. (2010) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2010.03.014 · Cited by 10
Lifestyle improvement and the reduced risk of cardiovascular disease: the China-PAR project
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The role of physical activity in the elderly as primary prevention
Sagiv, M. S. (2007) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1007/s11556-007-0024-z · Cited by 10
“[2] have shown that men who improved their physical fitness level reduced their mortality risk.”
BackgroundLim, K. K., Kwan, Y. H., Tan, C. S., Low, L. L., Chua, A., Lee, W. Y., Pang, L., Tay, H. Y., Chan, S. Y., & Østbye, T. (2017) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.09.004 · Cited by 10
“Adherence to healthy lifestyle has a substantial effect in reducing CVD morbidity and mortality (Chiuve et al., 2006; Odegaard et al., 2011; Åkesson et al., 2014) independent of pharmacological treatment (Chiuve et al., 2006), thus serving as a promising target for interventions.”
BackgroundCardiovascular health status among Australian adults
Peng, Y., & Wang, Z. (2018) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s155783 · Cited by 10
“adhering to and maintaining a healthy lifestyle has dramatic effects on CVD risk reduction among those age groups.(3,25) Females tend to take fewer physical activities than males do, and a relatively longer duration of TV viewing time among women may be partly responsible for the sex difference.”
BackgroundAndreoni, G., Caiani, E. G., & Castaldini, N. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12010359 · Cited by 10
Adverse Lifestyle Leads to an Annual Excess of 2 Million Deaths in China
Thomas, G. N., Wang, M. P., Ho, S. Y., Mak, K. H., Cheng, K. K., & Lam, T. H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089650 · Cited by 10
Tuckett, A. G., & Henwood, T. R. (2014) · International Journal of Health Promotion and Education · doi:10.1080/14635240.2014.978949 · Cited by 10
“2008) and that a combination of healthy lifestyle choices has a greater impact than any single lifestyle factor (Chiuve et al. 2006).”
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Lifestyle advice for Korean Americans and native Koreans with hypertension
Kim, M. J., Lee, S. J., Ahn, Y. H., & Lee, H. (2010) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05504.x · Cited by 9
Lifestyle Factors and Coronary Artery Calcification
Lee, C., & Jae, S. Y. (2014) · Pulse · doi:10.1159/000376595 · Cited by 9
Wakasugi, M., Narita, I., Iseki, K., Asahi, K., Yamagata, K., Fujimoto, S., Moriyama, T., Konta, T., Tsuruya, K., Kasahara, M., et al. (2022) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.8992-21 · Cited by 9
The Effect of a One-Year Lifestyle Intervention Program on Carotid Intima Media Thickness
Marshall, D. A., Walizer, E. M., & Vernalis, M. (2011) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-10-00447 · Cited by 10
Sanz, J., Moreno, P., & Fuster, V. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.11.050 · Cited by 8
Editorial: Vegetarian Dietary Patterns in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease
Kahleová, H., & Katz, D. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.00092 · Cited by 8
“showed that self-reported vegetarian dietary pattern was associated with a 22% lower cardiovascular mortality and a 28% lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, which is an effect comparable to a combination of the most current pharmacotherapies (9).”
BackgroundPrevention of cardiovascular diseases
Becheva, M. S. V., Kirkova-Bogdanova, A. G., Ivanova, S. A., et al. (2023) · Pharmacia · doi:10.3897/pharmacia.70.e114071 · Cited by 8
“…o ACE-inhibitors – in patients with symptoms or signs of left ventricular dysfunction due to coronary disease and/or increased arterial pressure (Chiuve et al. 2006), heart failure, diabetes mellitus, anti-coagulants in patients with coronary disease with an increased risk of thromboembolism…”
BackgroundCardiovascular Prevention: Components, Levels, Early Origins, and Metrics
KONES, R. J., & Rumana, U. (2014) · Hospital Practice · doi:10.3810/hp.2014.08.1121 · Cited by 8
Evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular e intervención en los pacientes con VIH
Hernández, S., Vidal, M., & Pedrol, E. (2009) · Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica · doi:10.1016/s0213-005x(09)73444-5 · Cited by 9
Perceptions of risk of coronary heart disease among people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Ammouri, A. A., Raddaha, A. H. A., Natarajan, J., & D’Souza, M. S. (2017) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.12610 · Cited by 8
The Most Important Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome Persistence after 10-year Follow-Up: YHHP Study
Sarebanhassanabadi, M., Mirhosseini, S. J., Mirzaei, M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_215_18 · Cited by 8
Targeted versus global approaches to the management of hypercholesterolaemia
Reynolds, T., Mardani, A., Twomey, P. J., et al. (2008) · The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health · doi:10.1177/1466424008092797 · Cited by 8
Medication Use for Diabetes, Hypertension, and Hypercholesterolemia from 1988–1994 to 2001–2006
King, D. E., Ellis, T. M., Everett, C. J., & Mainous, A. G. (2009) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/smj.0b013e3181bc74c8 · Cited by 8
“Thus, the lack of adherence to healthy lifestyle factors may be leading to a disproportionately high reliance on medication to control the symptoms and consequences of these conditions.(19) Use of medications to a greater extent than healthy lifestyle habits to control diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol is n…”
BackgroundPatient Characteristics Associated with Receipt of Lifestyle Behavior Advice
Corsino, L., Svetkey, L. P., Ayotte, B. J., & Bosworth, H. B. (2009) · North Carolina Medical Journal · doi:10.18043/ncm.70.5.391 · Cited by 8
Jahan, Y., Moriyama, M., Rahman, M. M., & Rahman, A. (2019) · Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1186/s40885-019-0109-9 · Cited by 8
“Similarly, amongst drug-treated hypertensives, those with unhealthy lifestyle are at a higher risk of CVD than those with healthy lifestyle [52, 53].”
BackgroundRippe, J. M. (2020) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.09.028 · Cited by 7
“The US Male Professional Study showed similar findings.(19) Numerous other studies have supported these findings.”
Everage, N. J., Linkletter, C. D., Gjelsvik, A., McGarvey, S. T., & Loucks, E. B. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/389853 · Cited by 7
Plasma Proteomic Changes of Atherosclerosis after Exercise in ApoE Knockout Mice
Liao, C., Xu, J.-W., Huang, W.-C., Chang, H.-C., & Tung, Y. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11020253 · Cited by 8
“Behavioral modification could reduce up to 80% of coronary heart diseases [5,6], and an estimated 75% of recurrent vascular events may be prevented by medication when combined with lifestyle changes.”
BackgroundCurrent state of unhealthy living characteristics in White, African American and Latinx populations
MYERS, J. N., Harber, M. P., Johnson, L., Arena, R. A., & Kaminsky, L. A. (2022) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2022.05.002 · Cited by 7
Cardiovascular disease risk screening in Australia: evidence and data gaps
Paige, E., Raffoul, N., Lonsdale, E., & Banks, E. (2023) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.51821 · Cited by 7
Chappell, L. T. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 7
Mohsenipouya, H., Majlessi, F., Shojaeizadeh, D., Foroushani, A. R., Ghafari, R., Habibi, V., & Makrani, A. S. (2016) · Electronic physician · doi:10.19082/2274 · Cited by 7
“The effect of pharmacological therapies on the reduction of the risk of heart disease is comparatively low compared to lifestyle changes (12).”
BackgroundPaige, E., Banks, E., Agostino, J., Brieger, D. B., Page, K., Joshy, G., Barrett, E. M., & Korda, R. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106884 · Cited by 7
Sustainability in medicine: a case for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases
Weidner, G. (2011) · Environment Systems & Decisions · doi:10.1007/s10669-011-9344-7 · Cited by 7
“…a combination of a prudent diet, regular exercise, maintaining healthy body weight, and not smoking) has been associated with significant health benefits in several large population studies in the U.S. and Europe (e.g., Knoops et al. 2004; Chiuve et al. 2006; Kurth et al. 2006; King et al. 2007).”
BackgroundSyed, M. A., Talbot-Smith, A., & Gemmell, I. (2012) · Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2012.07.002 · Cited by 7
Sawyer, K., & Castaneda‐Sceppa, C. (2010) · Aging Health · doi:10.2217/ahe.10.10 · Cited by 7
Tonkin, A. M., Boyden, A. N., & Colagiuri, S. (2009) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02809.x · Cited by 7
John, U., Meyer, C., Ulbricht, S., Schümann, A., Freyer‐Adam, J., Hapke, U., Rumpf, H., Bischof, G., Grothues, J. M., & Thyrian, J. R. (2007) · Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00063-007-1006-7 · Cited by 6
Cadar, D. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.79119 · Cited by 7
“Many studies have shown that lifestyle behaviours are associated with type 2 diabetes [67, 68], coronary heart disease [69] and mortality [70].”
BackgroundHeartfelt living: Deciphering the link between lifestyle choices and cardiovascular vitality
Jiang, X., Alnoud, M. A. H., Ali, H., Ali, I., Hussain, T., Khan, M. U., Khan, S. U., Khan, M. S., Khan, S. U., Rehman, K. U., et al. (2024) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102397 · Cited by 8
de Hollander, E. L., Bogers, R. P., Boshuizen, H. C., Rosengren, A., Shipley, M. J., Knekt, P., Ducimetière, P., Menotti, A., de Groot, C. P. G. M., & Bemelmans, W. J. E. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20043 · Cited by 6
“04) 51 ( 78: 14) 43 ( 72: 13) 53 (9-109) Multivariate analysis 32 ( 68:26) 31 ( 66:3) 2 (n 1⁄4 14) Univariate analysis 1.”
ResultPerspective: Risk Apportionment and Disease Intervention Strategies
Barraj, L. M., Tran, N. L., Goodman, M. G., & Ginevan, M. E. (2008) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01028.x · Cited by 7
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease—how to promote healthy eating habits in populations?
von Schacky, C. (2007) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-007-0159-4 · Cited by 6
“A majority of cardiovascular events may be preventable through adherence to healthy diet and lifestyle practices, even among those taking medications for hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia (Yusuf et al. 2004; Chiuve et al. 2006; Lichtenstein et al. 2006).”
BackgroundFranklin, B. A. (2006) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000239469.49003.15 · Cited by 6
Kotseva, K., Jennings, C. S., Bassett, P., Adamska, A., Hobbs, R. F., & Wood, D. (2024) · Open Heart · doi:10.1136/openhrt-2024-002704 · Cited by 5
Świątoniowska-Lonc, N., Mak, M., Klausa, F., Ściborski, K., Banasiak, W., & Doroszko, A. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17050761 · Cited by 5
“Preventive measures such as adopting a healthy lifestyle reduce the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) by 81 to 94% [32], while treatment with pharmacotherapy alone leads to a reduction of 20 to 30% [33].”
A Healthy Lifestyle Could Reduce the Onset of First Heart Attack by 80%
Chrysant, S. G., & Chrysant, G. S. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12466 · Cited by 5
Urbano, R. E. S., Paredes, A., Chambi, F. R. V., Ruela, P. G., Olivares, D. E. V., Pereira, B. T. S., Pacheco, S. O. S., & Pacheco, F. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.622543 · Cited by 5
“It is estimated that, for instance, 65% of cardiovascular events could be prevented by the adoption of lifestyle recommendations (66) as also indicates the recently released medical consensus for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (67).”
BackgroundDote, H., Nakatani, E., Mori, K., & Sugawara, A. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s10157-022-02310-0 · Cited by 4
Healthy Living and Risk of Major Chronic Diseases in an Older Population
Gopinath, B. (2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.500 · Cited by 5
The emotional responses of older adults to new technology
Kim, K. O. (2012) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 10
Exploring Pain, Life, and Meaning of Physical Activity Among Dementia Caregivers: A Photovoice Study
Kim, K.-O. (2017) · 한국체육학회지 · doi:10.23949/kjpe.2017.11.56.6.2 · Cited by 5
Devasia, T., Shetty, P. N., Kareem, H., Karkala, Y. R., & Singh, A. P. (2018) · Indian Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2018.10.411 · Cited by 5
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Maldonado, A., Hoffman, R. M., Baquero, B. I., Sewell, D. K., Laroche, H. H., Afifi, R., & Gilbert, P. A. (2022) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-022-01376-y · Cited by 5
“This is particularly important as it has been established that unhealthy lifestyle habits continue to increase individuals’ cardiovascular risk, despite receiving pharmacological treatment for hypertension [73].”
BackgroundLifestyle changes in heart transplant recipients
Wu, Y., Tung, H., Lai, F., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.12504 · Cited by 5
Dhaliwal, S. S., & Welborn, T. A. (2017) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja16.00599 · Cited by 5
Getting into a healthy `CV success zone': effective strategies to prevent CVD
Rieder, A. (2007) · European Heart Journal Supplements · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/sum001 · Cited by 5
Health behaviors to prevent cardiovascular risk: a systematic review
Mick, N., Savadogo, L. G. B., & Niyongabo, T. (2025) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-025-05345-9 · Cited by 5
“No smoking has been identified as a protective factor by Chomistek and al [11] RR adjusted = 0.29(0.23–0.35); Larsson and al [14] RR adjusted = 0.64(0.50–0.84); Chi-uve and al [13] RR adjusted = 0.47(0.41–0.53) ♀ RR adjusted = 0.57(0.46–0.69) ♂ .”
InfluentialMozaffarian, D., & Peñalvo, J. L. (2016) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.04.009 · Cited by 4
Bailey, A., Korda, R., Agostino, J., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038868 · Cited by 4
Diagnosis of Cardiac Disease Utilizing Machine Learning Techniques and Dense Neural Networks
Prabhavathi, K., & Mareeswari, V. (2023) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-023-02081-9 · Cited by 4
“Currently, with more and more people making lifestyle choices that are not well suited to them for the sake of their professions or otherwise, heart disease has become more prevalent than before [2, 3].”
BackgroundKoenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0002 · Cited by 5
Chen, F., Yang, Y., Yu, L., Song, L., Zhang, J., Wang, X., Jin, X. J., Ma, W., & Zhang, B. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35768 · Cited by 4
“Another health professional follow-up study on 42,847 men showed that men in the low-risk group for all five lifestyle practices had a relative risk of 0.37 (95 % CI, 0.26 – 0.53)] when compared with remaining men in the population [11].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInsulin Resistance, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Lifestyle Modification
Towfighi, A. (2011) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.con.0000410036.26853.9e · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Chiuve, S. E., McCullough, M. L., Sacks, F. M., & Rimm, E. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2006-07-11
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 160-167
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W2000745019
- Semantic Scholar
- b513e2a44d4288b1919efb6b7438116f4d21ab0a
- Cited by
- 477
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 18.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL07575, R01HL035464, HL35464, T32HL007575)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Keywords
- coronary artery disease, primary prevention, healthy lifestyle, men, middle-aged and older adults, antihypertensive drugs, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, body mass index, diet, myocardial infarction, modifiable risk factors, Health Professionals Follow-up Study
- MeSH terms
- Antihypertensive Agents, Hypolipidemic Agents, Coronary Disease, Drug Therapy, Combination, Health Personnel, Humans, Life Style, Male, Myocardial Infarction, Risk, United States, Incidence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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