The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 30 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men: Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications
Open accessAbstract
Background— Healthy lifestyle choices such as eating a prudent diet, exercising regularly, managing weight, and not smoking may substantially reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) risk by improving lipids, blood pressure, and other risk factors. The burden of CHD that could be avoided through adherence to these modifiable lifestyle factors has not been assessed among middle-aged and older US men, specifically men taking medications for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. Methods and Results— We prospectively monitored 42 847 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 40 to 75 years of age and free of disease in 1986. Lifestyle factors were updated through self-reported questionnaires. Low risk was defined as (1) absence of smoking, (2) body mass index <25 kg/m 2 , (3) moderate-to-vigorous activity ≥30 min/d, (4) moderate alcohol consumption (5 to 30 g/d), and (5) the top 40% of the distribution for a healthy diet score. Over 16 years, we documented 2183 incident cases of CHD (nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal CHD). In multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, men who were at low risk for 5 lifestyle factors had a lower risk of CHD (relative risk: 0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09, 0.19) compared with men who were at low risk for no lifestyle factors. Sixty-two percent (95% CI: 49%, 74%) of coronary events in this cohort may have been prevented with better adherence to these 5 healthy lifestyle practices. Among men taking medication for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, 57% (95% CI: 32%, 79%) of all coronary events may have been prevented with a low-risk lifestyle. Compared with men who did not make lifestyle changes during follow-up, those who adopted ≥2 additional low-risk lifestyle factors had a 27% (95% CI: 7%, 43%) lower risk of CHD. Conclusions— A majority of CHD events among US men may be preventable through adherence to healthy lifestyle practices, even among those taking medications for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 42,847 US male health professionals followed for 16 years, adherence to five low-risk lifestyle factors was associated with substantially lower coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, and 62% of coronary events may have been preventable. The inverse association persisted among men taking antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications, with a population-attributable risk of 57%.
Key findings
- Over 16 years, 2,183 incident CHD cases occurred. Men at low risk for all 5 lifestyle factors had an RR of 0.13 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.19) compared with men at low risk for none; the population-attributable risk was 62% (95% CI: 49%, 74%).
- Among users of lipid-lowering or antihypertensive medications, the population-attributable risk for all 5 low-risk factors was 57% (95% CI: 32%, 79%); among nonusers it was 66% (95% CI: 49%, 79%). By age, population-attributable risk was 79% (95% CI: 61%, 90%) for men <65 years and 47% (95% CI: 27%, 68%) for men ≥65 years.
- Men who adopted ≥2 additional low-risk lifestyle factors during follow-up had an RR of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.93) compared with men who did not change; men who reduced their score by ≥2 factors had an RR of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.88).
- In multivariate models including all lifestyle factors, low-risk categories were independently associated with lower CHD risk: not currently smoking RR 0.47 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.54), BMI <25 kg/m² RR 0.70 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.77), exercise ≥3.5 h/wk RR 0.83 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.92), diet score top 40% RR 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.92), and alcohol 5–30 g/d RR 0.79 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.87).
Methods
- Prospective cohort study of 42,847 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, aged 40–75 years and free of disease in 1986, followed through January 31, 2002. Lifestyle factors were updated through biennial questionnaires, with diet assessed every 4 years by a 131-item food frequency questionnaire.
- Low risk was defined as not currently smoking, BMI <25 kg/m², moderate-to-vigorous activity ≥30 min/d, moderate alcohol intake (5–30 g/d), and a diet score in the top 40% of the cohort’s Alternate Healthy Eating Index distribution. A healthy lifestyle score summed the number of low-risk factors (0–5).
- Cox proportional hazards models estimated relative risks, adjusted for age, calendar year, parental history of MI, history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, aspirin use, and antihypertensive medication use. Population-attributable risks were calculated, and change in lifestyle was analyzed among 33,759 men who completed baseline and at least one follow-up questionnaire.
Limitations
- The paper states it was observational, not a clinical trial; self-reported measurement error is inevitable and likely nondifferential, which would attenuate true relative risks. It also notes that only 4% of men adopted all healthy practices, that the healthiest men could not increase their score by 2 factors, and that the cohort was healthier than the general US male population.
- Evident from the text and tables: the medication subgroup analyses had few cases, especially for lipid-lowering medication users at low risk for all 5 factors (3 cases; RR 0.31, 95% CI: 0.07, 1.30), making those estimates imprecise.
- Evident from the text: the cohort consisted of highly educated male health professionals, so findings may not generalize to other populations.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 30 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For each lifestyle factor, we observed an inverse association with risk of CHD, which remained significant when all 5 lifestyle factors were included in the same model (Table 1).”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, men who were at low risk for 5 lifestyle factors had a lower risk of CHD (relative risk: 0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09, 0.19) compared with men who were at low risk for no lifestyle factors.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among these medication users (and also among nonusers), the healthy lifestyle score was significantly inversely associated with risk of CHD (Figure 2).”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When categorized as a dichotomous variable, being at low risk for each lifestyle factor was still significantly and independently associated with lower risk.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the healthy lifestyle score was significantly inversely associated with risk of CHD (P for trend, Ͻ0.0001) (Figure 1).”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Men at low risk for Ն1 lifestyle factor had a significantly lower risk of CHD, compared with men at low risk for none of the 5 factors.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among men taking medication for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, 57% (95% CI: 32%, 79%) of all coronary events may have been prevented with a low-risk lifestyle.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Among medication users, the population-attributable risk for adhering to all 5 low-risk lifestyle practices was 57% (95% CI: 32%, 79%) (Table 3).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“In our cohort, the population-attributable risk for men at low risk for all 5 lifestyle factors was 57% among the users of cardiovascular medications.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: A causal relation exists between low-risk lifestyle practices and risk of CHD.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixty-two percent (95% CI: 49%, 74%) of coronary events in this cohort may have been prevented with better adherence to these 5 healthy lifestyle practices.”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“This translates to a population-attributable risk of 62% (95% CI: 49%, 74%), suggesting that a majority of coronary disease in this population may be attributed to poor adherence to a healthy lifestyle.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“In this population of male health professionals, 62% of all coronary events may have been avoided had all men adhered to a low-risk lifestyle of not smoking, exercising regularly, eating prudently, consuming alcohol in moderation, and maintaining a healthy weight.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: A causal relation exists between low-risk lifestyle practices and risk of CHD.
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with men who did not make lifestyle changes during follow-up, those who adopted Ն2 additional low-risk lifestyle factors had a 27% (95% CI: 7%, 43%) lower risk of CHD.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Men who adopted at least 2 new healthy characteristics during follow-up had a relative risk of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.93) compared with men who did not change, controlling for the number at baseline (Table 4).”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Men at low risk for all 5 factors had the lowest risk.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over 16 years, we documented 2183 incident cases of CHD (nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal CHD).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“After 16 years of follow-up, we documented 2183 incident coronary events.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2,183Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The average HEI score of 68.3, within this cohort, 45 is slightly higher than the mean HEI score of 65.2 among US men 51 years or older.46”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] source
- Not checked yetcites [46]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P for trend, Ͻ0.0001.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P for trend, Ͻ0.0001 for both users and nonusers of medication.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, calendar year, parental history of MI, history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, aspirin use, and antihypertensive medication use.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Statistical Analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Little is known about the relation between combined healthy lifestyle choices and incident CHD among middle-aged and older men, especially those who are reducing their risk by using drugs for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Clinical Perspective p 167
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pharmacological therapies, including lipidlowering and antihypertensive medications, are efficacious in lowering some of these risk factors, 2,3 typically reducing cardiovascular disease risk by 20% to 30%.2,4”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Abstract
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because diagnosis of diabetes, angina, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or revascularization surgery may lead to changes in diet, we stopped updating dietary information after new diagnoses of these outcomes during follow-up.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Statistical Analysis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Healthy diet and other lifestyle practices, including not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and exercising daily, also improve these clinical risk factors as well as reduce inflammation, homocysteine, glucose intolerance, and arrhythmias.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Clinical Perspective p 167
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A healthy lifestyle has been associated with lower risk of incident coronary events among middle-aged women 13 and lower risk of CHD mortality in a population of elderly men and women.14”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Clinical Perspective p 167
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We used the cumulative average of the AHEI-based diet score from repeated dietary assessments to represent long-term dietary information and minimize within-person variation.29”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We used both confirmed and probable cases, as results were similar when we excluded probable cases (17% of cases).”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Outcome Ascertainment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is consistent with guidelines for moderate alcohol consumption, 26 although higher amounts of alcohol intake are associated with lower risk of CHD.27”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Exposure and Covariate Ascertainment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Participants reported the average time engaged in specific activities biennially, using an activity questionnaire previously validated within a subset of this cohort.17”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Exposure and Covariate Ascertainment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The observational design and repeated measures of diet and lifestyle allowed us to assess the consequences of changes in multiple lifestyle factors, which generally occur in free-living populations.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For individuals missing information on any lifestyle factor, we carried forward information from the previous questionnaire, when available.Men with residual missing values were placed in the high-risk category, to give the most conservative estimate.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Statistical Analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our analysis, we estimated the impact of multiple lifestyle factors simultaneously, which would be difficult if not impossible to study in a trial with 16 years of follow-up.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the prospective design of the study, this misclassification should be nondifferential with respect to disease status and would attenuate the true relative risk.”
§ Healthy Lifestyle Factors in the Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men Benefits Among Users and Nonusers of Lipid-Lowering and Antihypertensive Medications > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Measurement error in self-reported variables is inevitable.
The authors state this as an assumption.
A causal relation exists between low-risk lifestyle practices and risk of CHD.
“assuming a causal relation between the low-risk lifestyle practices and risk of CHD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A combination of healthy lifestyle choices has a greater impact than any single lifestyle factor.
“but a combination of healthy lifestyle choices has a greater impact than any single lifestyle factor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Coronary disease remains elevated among users of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications.
“but coronary disease remains elevated in this population.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Measurement error in self-reported variables is inevitable.
“measurement error in selfreported variables is inevitable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed associations between low-risk lifestyle factors and CHD are causal.
“A randomized clinical trial is ideal to establish causality of these lifestyle factors on risk of CHD.”
“We still conclude that a majority of cases of CHD among this low-risk population of men may have been prevented through a healthy lifestyle.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Among populations with traditional healthy lifestyle behaviors, the prevalences of obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus are far less than in industrialized populations, even after adjustment for age.49 -52”
From Beyond Established and Novel Risk Factors: Lifestyle Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease (2008) · cites this paper as [49]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
The older age subgroup has conflicting boundaries
MinorThe table labels the older subgroup as over 65, while the Results describe it as 65 or older. These definitions differ for men aged exactly 65.
“Ͼ65 years old (29%) 1160 23 4 0.52 (0.34-0.79) 47 (27-68)”
“among men 65 years or older (populationattributable risk: 47%; 95% CI: 27%, 68%)”
Citations
Cites
Sacks, F. M., Svetkey, L. P., Vollmer, W. M., Appel, L. J., Bray, G. A., Harsha, D., Obarzanek, E., Conlin, P. R., Miller, E. R., Simons-Morton, D. G., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200101043440101 · Cited by 5,638
Self-citationCardiovascular Survey Methods.
Rose, G., & Blackburn, H. (1968) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-69-6-1335_2 · Cited by 3,090
de Lorgeril, M., Salen, P., Martin, J.-L., Monjaud, I., Delaye, J., & Mamelle, N. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.6.779 · Cited by 2,910
Thompson, P. D., Buchner, D., Piña, I. L., Balady, G. J., Williams, M. A., Marcus, B. H., Berra, K., Blair, S. N., Costa, F., Franklin, B., et al. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000075572.40158.77 · Cited by 2,132
Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Litin, L. B., & Willett, W. C. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116211 · Cited by 2,104
Self-citationPrimary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Women through Diet and Lifestyle
Stampfer, M. J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., & Willett, W. C. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200007063430103 · Cited by 1,794
Self-citationKennedy, E., Ohls, J. C., Carlson, S. J., & Fleming, K. E. (1995) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(95)00300-2 · Cited by 1,626
Optimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
Hu, F. B. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.20.2569 · Cited by 1,503
Rimm, E. B., Williams, P., Fosher, K., Criqui, M., & Stampfer, M. J. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1523 · Cited by 1,360
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Hong, Y., Labarthe, D., Mozaffarian, D., Appel, L. J., Van Horn, L., Greenlund, K., Daniels, S., Nichol, G., Tomaselli, G. F., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192703 · Cited by 4,750
Self-Determination Theory Applied to Health Contexts: A Meta-Analysis
Ng, J. Y. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L., & Williams, G. C. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612447309 · Cited by 1,959
Anderson, T. J., Grégoire, J., Pearson, G. J., Barry, A. R., Couture, P., Dawes, M., Francis, G. A., Genest, J., Grover, S., Gupta, M., et al. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2016.07.510 · Cited by 1,173
“Second, CV risk scoring strategies tend to be better calibrated among middle-aged individuals because traditional CV risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, are most strongly associated with premature CVD. 8,9 It has been estimated that many younger individuals (especially those with elevated LDL-C levels) will bene fi t s…”
ResultInfluentialSalt intakes around the world: implications for public health
Brown, I. J., Tzoulaki, I., Candeias, V., & Elliott, P. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyp139 · Cited by 1,173
Handbook of Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.001.0001 · Cited by 1,160
Dose Response Between Physical Activity and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis
Sattelmair, J., Pertman, J., Ding, E. L., Kohl, H. W., Haskell, W., & Lee, I.-M. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.010710 · Cited by 1,052
Pearson, G. J., Thanassoulis, G., Anderson, T. J., Barry, A. R., Couture, P., Dayan, N., Francis, G. A., Genest, J. J., Grégoire, J. C., Grover, S. A., et al. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2021.03.016 · Cited by 900
Khaw, K.-T., Wareham, N., Bingham, S., Welch, A., Luben, R., & Day, N. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050012 · Cited by 840
“13 risk of coronary heart disease compared to men who did not adhere to any of these behaviours [2].”
BackgroundLoef, M., & Walach, H. (2012) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.06.017 · Cited by 883
“It is related with a reduction of the risk of coronary heart disease (Chiuve et al., 2006), stroke (Chiuve et al., 2008), diabetes (Hu et al., 2001), and dementia (Gelber et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSaid, M. A., Verweij, N., & van der Harst, P. (2018) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.1717 · Cited by 663
Schocken, D. D., Benjamin, E. J., Fonarow, G. C., Krumholz, H. M., Levy, D. A., Mensah, G. A., Narula, J., Stuart‐Shor, E., Young, J. B., & Hong, Y. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.188965 · Cited by 562
Reflections on Physical Activity and Health: What Should We Recommend?
Warburton, D. E. R., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2016.01.024 · Cited by 626
Primary Prevention of Stroke by Healthy Lifestyle
Chiuve, S. E., Rexrode, K. M., Spiegelman, D. L., Logroscino, G., Manson, J. E., & Rimm, E. B. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.781062 · Cited by 508
Self-citationPatrick, H., & Williams, G. C. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-18 · Cited by 481
Fruchart, J.-C., Sacks, F., Hermans, M. P., Assmann, G., Brown, W. V., Ceska, R., Chapman, M. J., Dodson, P. M., Fioretto, P., Ginsberg, H. N., et al. (2008) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.10.002 · Cited by 463
Self-citationBeyond Established and Novel Risk Factors: Lifestyle Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Mozaffarian, D., Wilson, P. W. F., & Kannel, W. B. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.738732 · Cited by 456
Kvaavik, E. (2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.76 · Cited by 423
Relation Between Modifiable Lifestyle Factors and Lifetime Risk of Heart Failure
Djoussé, L. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1062 · Cited by 420
Shay, C. M., Ning, H., Allen, N. B., Carnethon, M. R., Chiuve, S. E., Greenlund, K. J., Daviglus, M. L., & Lloyd-Jones, D. M. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.035733 · Cited by 368
Self-citationStringhini, S., Dugravot, A., Shipley, M. J., Goldberg, M., Zins, M., Mika Kivimaki, B., Marmot, M. G., Sabia, S., & Singh‐Manoux, A. (2011) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000419 · Cited by 357
Adherence to healthy lifestyle habits in US adults, 1988–2006
King, D. E., Mainous, A. G., Carnemolla, M., & Everett, C. J. (2009) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.11.013 · Cited by 336
Joosten, M. M., Pai, J. K., Bertoia, M. L., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D. L., Mittleman, M. A., & Mukamal, K. J. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.13415 · Cited by 338
“612 504 41 (31-50) Hy pe rc ho les te ro lem ia”
Self-citationProspective study of dietary pattern and risk of Parkinson disease
Gao, X., Chen, H., Fung, T. T., Logroscino, G., Schwarzschild, M. A., Hu, F. B., & Ascherio, A. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1486 · Cited by 340
Lifestyle Strategies for Risk Factor Reduction, Prevention, and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Rippe, J. M. (2018) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827618812395 · Cited by 362
Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: course, pathophysiology, prevention and management
Barry, E. V., Alvarez, J. A., Scully, R. E., Miller, T. L., & Lipshultz, S. E. (2007) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.8.8.1039 · Cited by 305
“Five healthy habits dramatically reduce the risk of coronary heart disease events and 62% of events might have been prevented with better adherence to not smoking, exercising daily, eating prudently, consuming alcohol in moderation and maintaining a healthy weight [186] .”
BackgroundFord, E. S., Zhao, G., Tsai, J. H., & Li, C. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300167 · Cited by 353
The Impact of Prevention on Reducing the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease
Kahn, R., Robertson, R. M., Smith, R. A., & Eddy, D. M. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.190186 · Cited by 299
“mg/dL 7.76% 9.88% ( 10 ) 0.86% (116) 0.68 1.14 $21 965 $6214 $15 752 $17 478”
InfluentialHealthy Lifestyle in the Primordial Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among Young Women
Chomistek, A. K., Chiuve, S. E., Eliassen, A. H., Mukamal, K. J., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.024 · Cited by 283
Self-citationAssociation of Trajectory of Cardiovascular Health Score and Incident Cardiovascular Disease
Wu, S., An, S., Li, W., Lichtenstein, A. H., Gao, J., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Wu, Y., Jin, C., Huang, S., Hu, F. B., et al. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4758 · Cited by 293
Lifestyle Medicine: The Health Promoting Power of Daily Habits and Practices
Rippe, J. M. (2018) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827618785554 · Cited by 328
Healthy lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality among adults in the United States
Ford, E. S., Bergmann, M. M., Boeing, H., Li, C., & Capewell, S. (2012) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.04.016 · Cited by 304
“…that fewer than 20% of adults engage in multiple healthy behaviors depending on the number of behaviors included in the index (Akesson et al., 2007; Chiuve et al., 2006; Ford et al., 2001, 2010; Haveman-Nies et al., 2002; Hu et al., 2001; King et al., 2007; Knoops et al., 2004; Metzner et al.,…”
BackgroundFruchart, J.-C., Sacks, F. M., Hermans, M. P., Assmann, G., Brown, W. V., Ceska, R., Chapman, M. J., Dodson, P. M., Fioretto, P., Ginsberg, H. N., et al. (2008) · Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.3132/dvdr.2008.046 · Cited by 260
Self-citationLifestyle factors and multimorbidity: a cross sectional study
Fortin, M., Haggerty, J. L., Almirall, J., Bouhali, T., Sasseville, M., & Lemieux, M. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-686 · Cited by 257
“The link between lifestyle factors and chronic diseases has been studied mostly by analyzing individual lifestyle risk factors or their combinations associated with individual chronic diseases [11-18].”
BackgroundLifestyle Indices and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Meta-analysis
Barbaresko, J., Rienks, J., & Nöthlings, U. (2018) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.046 · Cited by 260
Bambs, C., Kip, K. E., Dinga, A., Mulukutla, S. R., Aiyer, A. N., & Reis, S. E. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.980151 · Cited by 235
Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease
Kahleová, H., Levin, S., & Barnard, N. D. (2018) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2018.05.002 · Cited by 254
Self-Compassion, Physical Health, and Health Behaviour: A Meta-Analysis
Phillips, W. J., & Hine, D. W. (2021) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2019.1705872 · Cited by 224
Low-Risk Diet and Lifestyle Habits in the Primary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction in Men
Åkesson, A., Larsson, S. C., Discacciati, A., & Wolk, A. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1190 · Cited by 216
Hozawa, A., Folsom, A. R., Sharrett, A. R., & Chambless, L. E. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.6.573 · Cited by 212
Ricardo, A. C., Anderson, C. A. M., Yang, W. P., Zhang, X., Fischer, M. J., Dember, L. M., Fink, J. C., Frydrych, A., Jensvold, N. G., Lustigova, E., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.09.016 · Cited by 213
“activity (min/wk) 0 [0-45] 0 [0-90] 270 [135-540] 360 [210-660] 360 [240-570]”
A Combined Healthy Lifestyle Score and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in a Large Cohort Study
Jiao, L., Mitrou, P. N., Reedy, J., Graubard, B. I., Hollenbeck, A. R., Schatzkin, A. G., & Stolzenberg‐Solomon, R. Z. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.46 · Cited by 201
Alcohol Consumption and Risk for Coronary Heart Disease in Men With Healthy Lifestyles
Mukamal, K. J., Chiuve, S. E., & Rimm, E. B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.19.2145 · Cited by 197
Self-citationHealthy Lifestyle Change and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Young Adults
Spring, B. J., Moller, A. C., Colangelo, L. A., Siddique, J., Roehrig, M., Daviglus, M. L., Polak, J. F., Reis, J. P., Sidney, S., & Liu, K. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.005445 · Cited by 205
“In terms of individual health behaviors, <25% of US adults meet dietary guidelines,(9) and 25% report no leisure time physical activity.(10) Presently, 21% of adults in the United States(40) report cigarette smoking.”
Elwood, P., Galante, J., Pickering, J. E., Palmer, S., Bayer, A. J., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Longley, M. J., & Gallacher, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081877 · Cited by 208
The Biopsychosocial Model Thirty Years Later
Fava, G. A., & Sonino, N. (2007) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000110052 · Cited by 190
Influence of individual and combined healthy behaviours on successful aging
Sabia, S., Singh‐Manoux, A., Hagger‐Johnson, G., Cambois, E., Brunner, E. J., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2012) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.121080 · Cited by 199
Status of Cardiovascular Health in US Adolescents
Shay, C. M., Ning, H., Daniels, S. R., Rooks, C. R., Gidding, S. S., & Lloyd‐Jones, D. M. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.001559 · Cited by 187
Kotseva, K., Backer, G. D., Bacquer, D. D., Rydén, L., Hoes, A. W., Grobbee, D. E., Maggioni, A. P., Marques-Vidal, P. M., Jennings, C. S., Abreu, A., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487320908698 · Cited by 184
Sabia, S., Nabi, H., Kivimaki, M., Shipley, M. J., Marmot, M. G., & Singh-Manoux, A. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp161 · Cited by 162
Chang, A. R., Horn, L. V., Jacobs, D. R., Liu, K., Muntner, P., Newsome, B. B., Shoham, D. A., Durazo-Arvizú, R., Bibbins-Domingo, K. B., Reis, J. P., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.02.363 · Cited by 167
Åkesson, A., Weismayer, C., Newby, P. K., & Wolk, A. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.19.2122 · Cited by 158
Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk: the importance of early prevention
Miller, M. J. (2009) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcp065 · Cited by 165
Turning Back the Clock: Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle in Middle Age
King, D. E., Mainous, A. G., & Geesey, M. E. (2007) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.09.020 · Cited by 151
The Hidden Dangers of Fast and Processed Food
Fuhrman, J. (2018) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827618766483 · Cited by 166
Prospective Study of Restless Legs Syndrome and Coronary Heart Disease Among Women
Li, Y., Walters, A. S., Chiuve, S. E., Rimm, E. B., Winkelman, J. W., & Gao, X. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.112698 · Cited by 142
Self-citationOgunmoroti, O., Allen, N. B., Cushman, M., Michos, E. D., Rundek, T., Rana, J. S., Blankstein, R., Blumenthal, R. S., Blaha, M. J., Veledar, E., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.116.003954 · Cited by 131
Principles of Conservative Prescribing
Schiff, G. D. (2011) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.256 · Cited by 125
The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of the metabolic syndrome
Fogli-Cawley, J. J., Dwyer, J. T., Saltzman, E. J., McCullough, M. L., Troy, L. M., Meigs, J. B., & Jacques, P. F. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.4.1193 · Cited by 114
Self-citationChamnan, P., Simmons, R. K., Khaw, K., Wareham, N. J., & Griffin, S. J. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c1693 · Cited by 113
Kahleova, H., Salas-Salvadó, J., Rahelić, D., Kendall, C. W., Rembert, E., & Sievenpiper, J. L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092209 · Cited by 114
“Simple pharmacotherapies typically reduce the risk of myocardial infarction by 20–30% [7], while healthy lifestyle choices may reduce it by up to 81–94% [8–10].”
BackgroundCombined Lifestyle Factors and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Chinese Men and Women
Odegaard, A., Koh, W., Gross, M. D., Yuan, J., & Pereira, M. A. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.048843 · Cited by 110
Are lipid-lowering guidelines evidence-based?
Abramson, J. D., & Wright, J. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60084-1 · Cited by 105
Eguchi, E., Iso, H., Tanabe, N., Wada, Y., Yatsuya, H., Kikuchi, S., Inaba, Y., & Tamakoshi, A. (2012) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr429 · Cited by 121
“or 5–30 g per day, and non-smoking.(19,27) For the NutritionPotsdam study, healthy behaviours were high consumptions of fruits, vegetables, whole grain bread, and low consumption of meat, physical activity .”
Ford, E. S., Li, C., Zhao, G., Pearson, W. S., & Capewell, S. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.835728 · Cited by 106
History of coronary heart disease and cognitive performance in midlife: the Whitehall II study
Singh‐Manoux, A., Sabia, S., Lajnef, M., Ferrie, J. E., Nabi, H., Britton, A. R., Marmot, M. G., & Shipley, M. J. (2008) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn298 · Cited by 102
Xie, H., Li, J., Zhu, X., Li, J., Yin, J., Ma, T., Luo, Y., He, L., Bai, Y., Zhang, G., et al. (2022) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-022-01632-3 · Cited by 105
Impact of a healthy lifestyle on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality after stroke in the USA
Towfighi, A., Markovic, D., & Ovbiagele, B. I. (2011) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2011-300743 · Cited by 96
van der Linde, R. M., Mavaddat, N., Luben, R., Brayne, C., Simmons, R. K., Khaw, K., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065290 · Cited by 96
“The protective relationship between healthy behaviours and CVD incidence is well established [8,21,32].”
BackgroundThe Effect of Nutrition on Aging—A Systematic Review Focusing on Aging-Related Biomarkers
Leitão, C., Mignano, A., Estrela, M., Fardilha, M., Figueiras, A., Roque, F., & Herdeiro, M. T. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030554 · Cited by 110
“Healthy lifestyles promote the maintenance of cognitive abilities and boost the immune system [18,19,21,22].”
BackgroundGhvanidze, S., Velikova, N., Dodd, T. H., & Oldewage-Theron, W. H. (2017) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-07-2016-0342 · Cited by 91
KONES, R. J. (2013) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s37119 · Cited by 91
Lehtisalo, J., Rusanen, M., Solomon, A., Antikaínen, R., Laatikainen, T. K., Peltonen, M., Strandberg, T. E., Tuomilehto, J., Soininen, H. S., Kivipelto, M., et al. (2022) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab922 · Cited by 93
Essentials of Healthy Eating: A Guide
Skerrett, P. J., & Willett, W. C. (2010) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1016/j.jmwh.2010.06.019 · Cited by 101
Nadir, M. A., Rekhraj, S., Wei, L., Lim, T. K., Davidson, J., MacDonald, T. M., Lang, C. C., Dow, E., & Struthers, A. D. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.049 · Cited by 85
de Winter, A. F., Leenke Visser, A., Verhulst, F. C., Vollebergh, W., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2015) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.11.028 · Cited by 86
“Epidemiological studies in adults show that multiple health risk behaviors may substantially increase health risks(Åkesson et al.,2007; Myintet al.,2009; Chiuve et al., 2006; Martin-Diener et al., 2014; Khaw et al., 2008).”
Lee, C. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.414 · Cited by 84
Microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolism: Impacts on health, aging, and disease
Gupta, S. K., Vyavahare, S. S., Blanes, I. L. D., Berger, F. G., Isales, C. M., & Fulzele, S. (2023) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2023.112319 · Cited by 96
“The change in nutritional patterns plays a crucial role in influencing the aging process and the associated risks (Chiuve et al., 2006; King et al., 2013).”
BackgroundWine, alcohol and pills: What future for the French paradox?
Biagi, M., & Bertelli, A. A. E. (2015) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2015.02.024 · Cited by 80
Sanz, G., & Fuster, V. (2008) · Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1038/ncpcardio1419 · Cited by 81
The Impact of Prevention on Reducing the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease
Kahn, R., Robertson, R. M., Smith, R. A., & Eddy, D. M. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-9022 · Cited by 80
Schröder, H., Ramos, R., Baena-Díez, J. M., Méndez, M. A., Canal, D. J., Fitó, M., Sala, J., & Elosúa, R. (2013) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-013-0635-2 · Cited by 78
“A healthy lifestyle is associated with a favorable cardiometabolic risk profile [9–12].”
BackgroundAadland, E. K., Lavigne, C., Graff, I. E., Eng, Ø., Paquette, M., Holthe, A., Mellgren, G., Jacques, H., & Liaset, B. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.112086 · Cited by 77
Wakasugi, M., Kazama, J. J., Yamamoto, S., Kawamura, K., & Narita, I. (2012) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2012.186 · Cited by 72
“Low risk was defined as (1) nonsmoker, (2) body mass index <25 kg m, (3) moderate or less alcohol consumption, (4) regular exercise, and (5) better eating patterns.”
BackgroundAlcohol and Coronary Heart Disease: Drinking Patterns and Mediators of Effect
Rimm, E. B., & Moats, C. (2007) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.01.002 · Cited by 78
Self-citationModifiable Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors: 10-Year Health Outcomes From a Health Promotion Program
Byrne, D. W., Rolando, L. A., Aliyu, M. H., McGown, P. W., Connor, L. R., Awalt, B. M., Holmes, M. C., Wang, L., & Yarbrough, M. I. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.012 · Cited by 83
Insomnia symptoms and incident heart failure: a population-based cohort study
Mahmood, A., Ray, M. A., Dobalian, A., Ward, K. D., & Ahn, S. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab500 · Cited by 75
Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Asian Countries
Nguyen, H. N., Fujiyoshi, A., Abbott, R. D., & Miura, K. (2013) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-13-1292 · Cited by 73
Marijuana smoking and markers of testicular function among men from a fertility centre
Nassan, F. L., Arvizu, M., Mínguez-Alarcón, L., Williams, P. L., Attaman, J., Petrozza, J., Hauser, R., Chavarro, J., EARTH Study Team, Ford, J. B., et al. (2019) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dez002 · Cited by 75
“Specifically, and similar to the relation between alcohol intake and cardiovascular disease risk (Chiuve et al., 2006), we hypothesise that moderate use of marijuana may be related to improved testicular function but this relation reverses at higher doses, resulting in adverse effects (Supplementary Fig.”
BackgroundStruthers, A. D., & Lang, C. C. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm234 · Cited by 72
“Another problem is that even if all known risk factors could be controlled perfectly, CV events would only partially be prevented.(3,4) These two problems highlight that new approaches to primary prevention are required.”
BackgroundRecent advances in research on successful or healthy aging
Depp, C. A., Glatt, S. J., & Jeste, D. V. (2007) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-007-0003-0 · Cited by 78
“In three large cohort studies—Health Professionals Follow-Up Survey [ 21 ], the Women’s Health Initiative [22], and the Nurses Health Study [23] (combined sample size of ~ 200,000 middle-aged and older people)—participants who did not smoke, exercised regularly (three to four times per week), and adhered to a healthy…”
BackgroundOutcomes from a Multiple Risk Factor Diabetes Self-Management Trial for Latinas: ¡Viva Bien!
Toobert, D. J., Strycker, L. A., Barrera, M., Osuna, D., King, D. K., & Glasgow, R. E. (2011) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9256-7 · Cited by 72
Diaz, K. M., Booth, J. N., Calhoun, D. A., Irvin, M. R., Howard, G., Safford, M. M., Muntner, P., & Shimbo, D. (2014) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03565 · Cited by 72
Time trends in statin utilisation and coronary mortality in Western European countries
Vancheri, F., Backlund, L. G., Strender, L., Godman, B., & Wettermark, B. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010500 · Cited by 72
Chen, H., Wei, F., Dong, X., Xiang, J., Quek, S. Y., & Wang, X. (2017) · Current Opinion in Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2017.08.003 · Cited by 70
Diet and lifestyle influences on risk of coronary heart disease
Hu, F. B. (2009) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-009-0040-8 · Cited by 71
“Similar results were found in the Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study (a cohort of middle-aged and older men), even among those who took cholesterollowering or antihypertensive medications [ 53 ].”
ResultWang, Y., Liu, X., Qiu, J., Wang, H., Liu, D., Zhao, Z., Song, M., Song, Q., Wang, X., Zhou, Y., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15101-5 · Cited by 67
“…including 42,847 men in America indicated that majority of cardiovascular events may be preventable through adherence to healthy lifestyle practices 14 and another study showed that the number of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease and…”
BackgroundNöthlings, U., Ford, E. S., Kröger, J., & Boeing, H. (2010) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00069.x · Cited by 68
Gil‐Salcedo, A., Dugravot, A., Fayossé, A., Dumurgier, J., Bouillon, K., Schnitzler, A., Mika Kivimaki, B., Singh‐Manoux, A., & Sabia, S. (2020) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003147 · Cited by 68
Wakasugi, M., Kazama, J. J., Narita, I., Iseki, K., Moriyama, T., Yamagata, K., Fujimoto, S., Tsuruya, K., Asahi, K., Konta, T., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108718 · Cited by 65
Lifestyle changes and prevention of metabolic syndrome in the Heart of New Ulm Project
VanWormer, J. J., Boucher, J. L., Sidebottom, A. C., Sillah, A., & Knickelbine, T. (2017) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.018 · Cited by 64
“…studies have examined the influence of baseline lifestyle risk factors on the development of various chronic health conditions (Pronk et al., 2010; Chiuve et al., 2006), there are few studies examining how real-world lifestyle changes influence the development of metabolic syndrome, with prior…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Chiuve, S. E., McCullough, M. L., Sacks, F. M., & Rimm, E. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2006-07-11
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 160-167
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W2000745019
- Semantic Scholar
- b513e2a44d4288b1919efb6b7438116f4d21ab0a
- Cited by
- 477
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 18.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL07575, R01HL035464, HL35464, T32HL007575)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Keywords
- coronary artery disease, primary prevention, healthy lifestyle, men, middle-aged and older adults, antihypertensive drugs, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, body mass index, diet, myocardial infarction, modifiable risk factors, Health Professionals Follow-up Study
- MeSH terms
- Antihypertensive Agents, Hypolipidemic Agents, Coronary Disease, Drug Therapy, Combination, Health Personnel, Humans, Life Style, Male, Myocardial Infarction, Risk, United States, Incidence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
