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Angiogenic Factors and the Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Women With Suspected Preeclampsia
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: An imbalance in circulating angiogenic factors plays a central role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively studied 616 women who were evaluated for suspected preeclampsia. We measured plasma levels of antiangiogenic soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) and proangiogenic placental growth factor (PlGF) at presentation and examined for an association between the sFlt1/PlGF ratio and subsequent adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes within 2 weeks. The median sFlt1/PlGF ratio at presentation was elevated in participants who experienced any adverse outcome compared with those who did not (47.0 [25th-75th percentile, 15.5-112.2] versus 10.8 [25th-75th percentile, 4.1-28.6]; P<0.0001). Among those presenting at <34 weeks (n=167), the results were more striking (226.6 [25th-75th percentile, 50.4-547.3] versus 4.5 [25th-75th percentile, 2.0-13.5]; P<0.0001), and the risk was markedly elevated when the highest sFlt1/PlGF ratio tertile was compared with the lowest (odds ratio, 47.8; 95% confidence interval, 14.6-156.6). Among participants presenting at <34 weeks, the addition of sFlt1/PlGF ratio to hypertension and proteinuria significantly improved the prediction for subsequent adverse outcomes (area under the curve, 0.93 for hypertension, proteinuria, and sFlt1/PlGF versus 0.84 for hypertension and proteinuria alone; P=0.001). Delivery occurred within 2 weeks of presentation in 86.0% of women with an sFlt1/PlGF ratio ≥85 compared with 15.8% of women with an sFlt1/PlGF ratio <85 (hazard ratio, 15.2; 95% confidence interval, 8.0-28.7). CONCLUSIONS: In women with suspected preeclampsia presenting at <34 weeks, circulating sFlt1/PlGF ratio predicts adverse outcomes occurring within 2 weeks. The accuracy of this test is substantially better than that of current approaches and may be useful in risk stratification and management. Additional studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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“The increase of sVEGFR-1 causes a parallel decrease of maternal plasma concentrations of PIGF in preeclampsia(119, 143–150).”
From Metformin, the Aspirin of the 21st Century: Its Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Prevention of Preeclampsia and Cancer, and the Promotion of Longevity (2017) · cites this paper as [146]
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“PIGF is member of VGEF family and apart from its role in angiogenesis, it induces growth, proliferation and invasion of trophoblast (54,78).”
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“The above evidence has provided a strong foundation for studies that have evaluated either PlGF alone 15,38 or the sFlt1/PlGF ratio 39,40 to improve diagnostic accuracy of preeclampsia, demonstrating the superiority over traditional tests (such as proteinuria, elevated uric acid or liver enzymes)…”
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“Very high ratios before 34 weeks of GA in women with suspected preeclampsia predict the occurrence of adverse maternal or perinatal outcomes within a 2-week horizon and are associated with imminent delivery, whether for maternal or fetal indications (29,30).”
BackgroundPathophysiology of Preeclampsia
Rana, S., & Karumanchi, S. A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00172-4 · Cited by 16
Nabweyambo, S., Sande, O. J., McGovern, N. N., Bwanga, F., Ssekagiri, A., Keesiga, A., Adroma, M., Wasswa, R. E., Atuheirwe, M., Namugenyi, J., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251227 · Cited by 15
“Angiogenic factors (sFlt1/PlGF ratio) were also found to out-perform the standard PE diagnosis procedure (including; blood pressure (BP) measurement, detection of protein in urine and varying array of clinical measurements and laboratory biochemical analyses) [14].”
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“The added value of angiogenic markers has also been demonstrated for timing delivery (5,6).”
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Behrens, I., Basit, S., Jensen, A., Lykke, J. A., Nielsen, L. P., Wohlfahrt, J., Kjær, S. K., Melbye, M., & Boyd, H. A. (2016) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.30065 · Cited by 15
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Increased proteinuria and uric acid levels are associated with eclamptic crisis
Paula, L. G., da Costa, B. E. P., Hentschke, M. R., Antonello, I. C. F., Luz, J. H., Filho, E. V. D. C., & Poli‐de‐Figueiredo, C. E. (2018) · Pregnancy Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2018.12.003 · Cited by 15
Evaluation of angiogenic factors in the decision to admit women with suspected preeclampsia
Suresh, S. C., Mueller, A., Salahuddin, S., Naseem, H., Dhir, R., & Rana, S. (2020) · Pregnancy Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2020.05.013 · Cited by 15
Pregnancy and CKD: Advances in Care and the Legacy of Dr Susan Hou
Oliverio, A. L., Bramham, K., & Hladunewich, M. (2021) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.07.016 · Cited by 15
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“Percentage reduction in sFlt-1 42 (13–57)% 34 (16-40)%”
Prevention of Pre-Eclampsia: Modern Strategies and the Role of Early Screening
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“Rana et al. found that an sFlt-1/PlGF ratio > 85 predicted adverse outcomes within two weeks, surpassing standard laboratory tests [85].”
Baert, J., McCarey, C., Berkane, N. B., de Tejada, B. M., Vial, Y., & Rieder, W. (2021) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2021.20533 · Cited by 14
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“25,26 Since severe preeclampsia is a placental disease that begins in the late first and early second trimesters, it is therefore critical to show that HO1 expression within placental villi at this early gestational age is indeed PPAR γ -responsive.”
BackgroundSentilhes, L., Schmitz, T., Arthuis, C., Barjat, T. R., Berveiller, P., Camilleri, C., Froeliger, A., Garabédian, C., Guerby, P., Korb, D., et al. (2023) · Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie · doi:10.1016/j.gofs.2023.10.002 · Cited by 17
Predicting intensive care need in women with preeclampsia using machine learning – a pilot study
Edvinsson, C., Björnsson, O., Erlandsson, L., & Hansson, S. R. (2024) · Hypertension in Pregnancy · doi:10.1080/10641955.2024.2312165 · Cited by 17
“…hypertension and proteinuria in patients presenting with PE before 34 gestational weeks, significantly improved the prediction for subsequent adverse outcome, with an area under the curve of 0.93 for hypertension, proteinuria, and sFlt1/PlGF, versus 0.84 for hypertension and proteinuria alone (12).”
InfluentialRakisheva, A., Sliwa, K. S., Bauersachs, J. K., Linthout, S. V., Chopra, V., Bayés‐Genís, A., Fruzzetti, F., Cannata, A. N., Deniau, B., Mebazaa, A., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.3246 · Cited by 19
Toward a Better Diagnosis for Preeclampsia
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“Estrogen stimulates hepatic angiotensinogen (AGT) expression, resulting in a 3–5-fold rise in circulating AGT [4,5].”
BackgroundsFlt-1/PlGF ratio for the prediction of the time of delivery
Graupner, O., Lobmaier, S. M., Ortiz, J. U., Karge, A., & Kuschel, B. (2018) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-018-4840-3 · Cited by 14
Pre-eclampsia and the foetus: a cardiovascular perspective
Bhorat, I. E. (2018) · Cardiovascular journal of South Africa/Cardiovascular journal of Southern Africa · doi:10.5830/cvja-2017-039 · Cited by 14
Blood pressure changes during twin pregnancies
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“8% required delivery within 2 weeks in comparison to 86% of women with a ratio > 85 [32].”
BackgroundInfluentialEfficiency of sFlt-1/PlGF Ratio in Preeclampsia Diagnosis
Tătaru-Copos, A.-F., Popescu, M. I., Murvai, V.-R., & El-Kharoubi, A.-F. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58091196 · Cited by 13
“It was demonstrated that in patients with this disease, the level of sFlt-1 increased and PlGF decreased [5,6].”
BackgroundKwiatkowski, S., Kwiatkowska, E., & Torbè, A. (2019) · Ginekologia Polska · doi:10.5603/gp.2019.0030 · Cited by 12
“The sFlt-1/PlGF ratio derived from this data is considered predictive at a cut-off point of 85 [17].”
MethodHemodynamic Complications in Pregnancy
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Maternal plasma soluble TRAIL is decreased in preeclampsia
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“The sFlt-1/PlGF ratio provides valuable predictive information, with elevations preceding clinical disease by weeks [47,48].”
Oliveira, L. G., Roberts, J. M., Jeyabalan, A., Blount, K., Redman, C. W. G., Poston, L., Seed, P. T., Chappell, L. C., Dias, M. A. B., de Jesús, G. R., et al. (2023) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.20361 · Cited by 12
New therapeutic approaches to treating hypertension in pregnancy
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Lead exposure and association with angiogenic factors and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
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“Maternal angiogenic markers have been associated with different subtypes of HDP with varying adverse outcomes.(5) These findings emphasize the importance of moving beyond standard classifications based on blood pressure levels, gestational age at onset, and proteinuria for detecting women at higher risk of adverse out…”
BackgroundShort Term Prediction of Preeclampsia
Sroka, D., & Verlohren, S. (2021) · Maternal-Fetal Medicine · doi:10.1097/fm9.0000000000000097 · Cited by 11
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“In contrast, a prospective study of 176 cases presenting with suspected PE at 34 weeks reported an association between sFlt-1/PlGF ratio ≥ 85 and the risk of adverse outcome 27 .”
Riaño-Moreno, J. C., Vargas, E., Pedraza, A. M., Díaz-Quiñonez, L. S., & Rangel, V. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1689745 · Cited by 18
“Rana et al. (80) was the first to evaluate the efficacy of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio focused on predicting complications associated with PE.”
Beck, C., Allshouse, A. A., Silver, R. M., Grobman, W. A., Simhan, H. N., Haas, D. M., Reddy, U. M., & Blue, N. R. (2022) · American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM · doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100614 · Cited by 11
The Association of IL-17 and PlGF/sENG Ratio in Pre-Eclampsia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Darmochwał-Kolarz, D., & Chara, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010768 · Cited by 11
“On the other hand, approximately 50% of mothers with a bilateral diastolic notch did not later develop PE [37].”
BackgroundHong, J. G. S., Crawford, K., Cavanagh, E., Clifton, V. L., & Kumar, S. (2024) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.14831 · Cited by 11
“Both have been shown to be useful for screening 15,16 and prediction of adverse outcomes 17–20 in pregnancies complicated by FGR and pre-eclampsia (PET).”
Backgrounddos Reis, C. R. P., O’Sullivan, J. M., Ohuma, E. O., James, T. J., Papageorghiou, A. T., Vatish, M., & Cerdeira, A. S. (2024) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2024.06.010 · Cited by 11
Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders: From Mechanisms to Management
Robbins, M. K., Nembaware, H., Mandal, S., Bhopatkar, A. A., Parker, A., Chambers, C., Brewerton, C., Mauroner, J., Hughes, K., Deer, E. M., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpaf080 · Cited by 14
Preeclampsia: A Review of Early Predictors
Abbas, R. A., Ghulmiyyah, L., Hobeika, E. M., Usta, I. M., Mirza, F., & Nassar, A. H. (2021) · Maternal-Fetal Medicine · doi:10.1097/fm9.0000000000000088 · Cited by 13
“The levels of sEng were signi fi cantly higher in preterm preeclampsia (10.2 ng/mL) and term preeclampsia (8.5 ng/mL) when compared to controls (5.8 ng/mL) 42”
InfluentialC1431T Variant of PPARγ Is Associated with Preeclampsia in Pregnant Women
Liu, F., Rouault, C., Clément, K., Zhu, W., Degrelle, S. A., Charles, M.-A. A., Heude, B., & Fournier, T. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11101052 · Cited by 11
Effects of selective reduced uterine perfusion pressure in pregnant rats
Schenone, M., Mari, G., Schlabritz‐Loutsevitch, N., & Ahokas, R. A. (2015) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2015.10.017 · Cited by 11
Circulating Angiogenic Factors in a Pregnant Woman on Intensive Hemodialysis: A Case Report
Akbari, A., Hladunewich, M., Burns, K. D., Moretti, F., Arkoub, R. A., Brown, P. A., & Hiremath, S. S. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s40697-016-0096-7 · Cited by 11
The Involvement of MicroRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 Infection Comorbid with HIV-Associated Preeclampsia
Abel, T., Moodley, J., & Naicker, T. (2021) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-021-01138-5 · Cited by 10
Binder, J., Kalafat, E., Palmrich, P., Pateisky, P., & Khalil, A. A. (2021) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.23711 · Cited by 12
Clinical Applications of Biomarkers in Preeclampsia
Griffin, M., & Shennan, A. H. (2014) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm.14.19 · Cited by 11
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: Current Knowledge and Future Directions
Davis, M. B., & Duvernoy, C. S. (2015) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.15.15 · Cited by 12
Scholz, A. S., Kussner, A., Elsässer, M., Luft, T., Wallwiener, S., & von Au, A. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.041059 · Cited by 10
Targeted removal of soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 in very preterm preeclampsia: a pilot trial
Thadhani, R., Hiemstra, T. F., Vatish, M., Stepan, H., Cerdeira, A. S., BROCKELSBY, J. C., James, T. J., Lia, M., Cornelis, A., Krause, E., et al. (2026) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04333-6 · Cited by 12
“Levels correlate directly with severity of disease and inversely with time to delivery 40,41 .”
Marijnen, M. C., Kamphof, H. D., Damhuis, S. E., Smies, M., Leemhuis, A. G., Wolf, H., Gordijn, S. J., Ganzevoort, W., & DRIGITAT Trial Group (2024) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17770 · Cited by 10
“13,14 The biomarkers placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) are proposed as markers for placental insufficiency and may play a role in the diagnosis of FGR. 15 If earlier delivery reduces the risk of hypoxia, better peri-natal outcome can be hypothesised, but cannot be proven fr…”
BackgroundTotal and Free Placental Growth Factor Levels During Preeclampsia and Fetal Growth Restriction
Jungelson, A., Ridoux, A., Barthè, M., Redel, D., Abbas, H., Haddad, B., Karumanchi, S. A., & Lecarpentier, É. (2025) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.125.24736 · Cited by 10
“The sFLT1/PlGF ratio (median [IQR]) is 50 [IQR, 8–163] in the 3rd percentile SGA without preeclampsia group and 5 [IQR, 3– 17] in the [3–10] percentile SGA without preeclampsia group.”
Pelland, A., George, R. B., Lehmann, C., & Coolen, J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine Research · doi:10.14740/jocmr3368w · Cited by 10
Panyarath, P., Minerbi, N. G., Pamidi, S., Daskalopoulou, S. S., Gagnon, R. J., Dayan, N., Raiche, K., Olha, A., Benedetti, A., & Kimoff, R. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.747106 · Cited by 10
Kaatz, R., Latartara, E., Bachmann, F., Lachmann, N., Koch, N., Zukunft, B., Wu, K., Schmidt, D., Halleck, F., Nickel, P., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12041545 · Cited by 12
How placental growth factor detection might improve diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia
Duhig, K. E., Chappell, L. C., & Shennan, A. H. (2014) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1586/14737159.2014.908121 · Cited by 10
“Evidence has similarly emerged from prospective studies of sFlt-1/PlGF ratios; those with an elevated sFlt/PlGF ratio have significantly more maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes when presenting with suspected pre-eclampsia at less than 34 weeks gestation [24] and at less than 37 weeks gestation [25].”
ResultFacteurs prédictifs et pronostiques de la prééclampsie : intérêt du dosage du PlGF et du sFLT-1
Vieillefosse, S., Guibourdenche, J., Atallah, A., Haddad, B., Fournier, T., Tsatsaris, V., & Lecarpentier, É. (2016) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jgyn.2016.02.006 · Cited by 10
Jamie, P., Cao, K., Wei, S., Laurent, L. C., Parast, M. M., & Yang, J. (2018) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03649 · Cited by 10
Abel, T., Moodley, J., Khaliq, O. P., & Naicker, T. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232213752 · Cited by 10
“The homeostatic balance between local and systemic pro- and anti-angiogenic factors is essential for a healthy and successful pregnancy [20].”
BackgroundMeler, E., Scazzocchio, E., Peguero, A., Triunfo, S., Gratacós, E., & Figueras, F. (2014) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.4390 · Cited by 10
The Role of Cardiac Biomarkers in Pregnancy
Lau, E. S., & Sarma, A. A. (2017) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-017-0553-3 · Cited by 10
Villous explants from preeclamptic placentas induce sFlt1 in PBMCs: An ex vivo co-culture study
Gonzales, S. K., Badell, M. L., Cottrell, H. N., Rimawi, B. H., Deepak, V., Sidell, N., & Rajakumar, A. (2018) · Pregnancy Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2018.02.006 · Cited by 10
Significance of the sFlt-1/PlGF Ratio in Certain Cohorts – What Needs to be Considered?
Graupner, O., Verlohren, S., Groten, T., Schlembach, D., Stepan, H., Kuschel, B., Karge, A., & Pecks, U. (2024) · Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-2320-5843 · Cited by 11
“The cut-o ff values for the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio to estimate the risk of PE and the degree of placental dysfunction but also to predict an unfavorable neonatal or maternal outcome and the associated short time to delivery have been published with a high level of evidence [8, 9, 10, 11, 12] ( ▶ Table 1”
He, L., Zhan, F., Li, X., Yang, H., & Wu, J. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07325-5 · Cited by 9
“Their distinctive expression patterns could enable earlier and more accurate PE diagnosis, particularly when combined with traditional clinical indicators such as sFlt-1/PlGF ratio [63].”
Yamazaki, T., Cerdeira, A. S., Teraoka, Y., Oomori, Y., Mukai, Y., Sugimoto, J., Koh, I., Banno, K., Vatish, M., & Kudo, Y. (2025) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-025-02282-0 · Cited by 9
“However, the reported positive predictive value (PPV) for ruling in PE within 4 weeks is not very high (e.g., 36.7% in the validation cohort of PROGNOSIS and 30.3% in PROGNOSIS ASIA) [7, 8], and several studies have reported on the better performance of a cut-off value of 85 for rule in [11 – 13].”
InfluentialNegative association between serum adropin and hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy
Lin, D., Yong, J., Ni, S., Ou, W., & Tan, X. (2019) · Hypertension in Pregnancy · doi:10.1080/10641955.2019.1657887 · Cited by 9
Prognostic Value of Angiogenic Markers in Pregnant Women With Chronic Hypertension
Binder, J., Palmrich, P., Kalafat, E., Pateisky, P., Öztürk, E., Mittelberger, J., & Khalil, A. A. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.020631 · Cited by 9
Cajachagua‐Torres, K. N., Marroun, H. E., Reiss, I. K. M., & Jaddoe, V. W. V. (2022) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.03.015 · Cited by 9
Study on lipid nanomicelles targeting placenta for the treatment of preeclampsia
Liu, Y., Zhang, Q., Gao, X., & Wang, T. (2022) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.1080/1061186x.2022.2068558 · Cited by 9
“Therefore, the level of sFlt-1 is considered an indicator of the diagnosis and prognosis of PE [24,25].”
BackgroundCerdeira, A. S., & Karumanchi, S. A. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375672-5.10011-8 · Cited by 9
A Review of Angiogenic Imbalance in HIV-Infected Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Padayachee, S., Moodley, J., & Naicker, T. (2019) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-019-0970-7 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Rana, S., Powe, C. E., Salahuddin, S., Verlohren, S., Perschel, F. H., Levine, R. J., Lim, K.-H., Wenger, J. B., Thadhani, R., & Karumanchi, S. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2012-02-21
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 911-919
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC3319742
- OpenAlex
- W2134502189
- Cited by
- 668
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 58.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Neurological Complications and Syndromes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
- Keywords
- preeclampsia, angiogenic factors, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, placental growth factor, sFlt-1/PlGF ratio, adverse maternal outcomes, perinatal outcomes, early-onset preeclampsia, proteinuria, hypertension, adverse outcome prediction, preterm birth, placental insufficiency, endothelial dysfunction, maternal morbidity
- MeSH terms
- Placenta Growth Factor, Adult, Female, Humans, Pre-Eclampsia, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Proteins, Prospective Studies, Risk, ROC Curve, Systole, Logistic Models, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1
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