Community Care in England: Reducing Socioeconomic Inequalities in Heart Failure
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic deprivation is associated with increased heart failure (HF) incidence, hospitalization rates, and mortality. However, whether the delivery of survival-enhancing medical therapy is equitable remains uncertain. We examined secular trends in the uptake of key medical therapies (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, spironolactone) stratified by socioeconomic circumstances in patients with HF. Secondary analyses examined trends in HF incidence, prevalence, and survival. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was a cross-sectional observational analysis of nationally representative primary care data from England. Treatments for patients with HF in 1999 and 2007 (n=13 330) were extracted from the General Practice Research Database. Socioeconomic circumstances were defined with the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007, a weighted composite of 7 area-level deprivation domains. Treatment uptake estimates were age standardized. The incidence and prevalence of HF decreased year to year. Although clear socioeconomic gradients in both the incidence and prevalence of HF were apparent, the absolute difference between most and least deprived reduced over time. Uptake of therapies improved over time in both men and women. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker uptake increased from 46% to 64%, β-blocker uptake from 12% to 41%, and spironolactone uptake from 3% to 20%. Modest age and sex inequalities were apparent. However, no consistent socioeconomic gradients were observed in either treatment or case fatality. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic gradients in the incidence and prevalence of HF are reducing. Treatment is generally equitable and independent of socioeconomic circumstances. Most important, no significant inequality in outcomes was apparent. Future strategies should continue to address inequalities in the underlying causes of HF and to increase overall treatment levels further.
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CPRD has been employed previously to investigate socio-economic and demographic factors in variation in care of physical and mental health conditions.
“CPRD has been employed previously to investigate socio-economic and demographic factors in variation in care of physical and mental health conditions [27,28].”
From The Impact of demographic, socio-economic and geographic factors on mortality risk among people living with dementia in England (2002–2016) (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
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Opioids for treating dyspnoea in patients with chronic heart failure
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- Authors
- Hawkins, N. M., Scholes, S., Bajekal, M., Love, H., O'Flaherty, M., Raine, R., & Capewell, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool (N.M.H.); Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London (S.S., M.B., R.R.); Legal and General Assurance Society Ltd, Surrey (H.L.); and Division of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.O., S.C.), UK.
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2012-08-28
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1050-1057
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W2101869743
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart rate and cardiovascular health
- Keywords
- heart failure, socioeconomic deprivation, health disparities, treatment uptake, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, spironolactone, heart failure incidence, heart failure prevalence, case fatality, secular trends, Index of Multiple Deprivation, primary care
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Cardiovascular Agents, Community Health Services, Drug Utilization, England, Female, Health Status Indicators, Heart Failure, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, National Health Programs, Poverty, Socioeconomic Factors, Spironolactone, Incidence, Prevalence, Survival Rate, Healthcare Disparities, Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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