Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents: 2022 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
Abstract
Use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents has markedly increased since publication of the last American Heart Association scientific statement on pediatric ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in 2014. In addition, there has also been significant expansion of the evidence base for use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the pediatric population, including new data linking ambulatory blood pressure levels with the development of blood pressure–related target organ damage. Last, additional data have recently been published that enable simplification of the classification of pediatric ambulatory monitoring studies. This scientific statement presents a succinct review of this new evidence, guidance on optimal application of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the clinical setting, and an updated classification scheme for the interpretation of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents. We also highlight areas of uncertainty where additional research is needed.
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Studies of 'metabolically healthy obesity' have found that over 4 to 5 years of follow-up, approximately 30% to 45% develop metabolic syndrome or diabetes.
“Studies of”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [44]
The cardiovascular-risk section discusses how childhood blood pressure relates to later cardiovascular outcomes, and the obesity-related passages concern ambulatory blood pressure. Searches for “metabolically healthy obesity,” “metabolic syndrome,” and the claimed 30%–45% transition over 4–5 years found no passage addressing that finding. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeveral studies found that GLP-1-based therapies would not be cost-effective compared with usual care, especially when used as first-line therapy.
“In general, these studies found that GLP-1–based therapies would not be cost-effective compared with usual care, especially when used as first-line therapy.”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [44]
The cited paper’s ‘Conclusions and Future Directions’ discusses ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in young people, not the cost-effectiveness of drug therapies. Searches for GLP-1 therapies, cost-effectiveness, usual care, and first-line therapy found no passage addressing the claim; the paper’s References section does not establish it either. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSGLT2i appear to primarily reduce incident and worsening HF.
“SGLT2i appear to primarily reduce incident and worsening HF.17,37–44”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [44]
The cited statement’s Cardiovascular Risk in the Pediatric Population section discusses childhood blood pressure and later cardiovascular disease, not the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors. Searches of our copy for “SGLT2i,” sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and incident or worsening heart failure found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBased on results across finerenone trials, finerenone likely confers both cardiovascular and kidney benefits in those with albuminuric DKD and HFmrEF/HFpEF.
“Based on the results across these trials, it is likely that finerenone confers both cardiovascular and kidney benefits in those with albuminuric DKD and HFmrEF/HFpEF, though a more dedicated study of this population is needed.”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [44]
The ‘Usefulness in Chronic Conditions’ section discusses ambulatory blood-pressure patterns in children with conditions including CKD and diabetes, not finerenone treatment. Searches for finerenone and for HFmrEF/HFpEF found no passage in our copy addressing cardiovascular or kidney benefits in the claimed population. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn FINEARTS-HF alone, finerenone did not result in a reduction in the primary kidney endpoint.
“in FINEARTS-HF alone, finerenone did not result in a reduction in the primary kidney endpoint.44”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [44]
The cited paper discusses ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents; the relevant passages returned are in its References section (page unavailable). Searches for FINEARTS-HF, finerenone, and a primary kidney endpoint found no passage addressing the trial or its result. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In end-stage kidney disease on dialysis, two high-quality observational studies using US Renal Data System data found apixaban was associated with lower major bleeding and similar mortality compared to warfarin.
“In end-stage kidney disease on dialysis, 2 high-quality observational studies using data from the US Renal Data System found that apixaban was associated with lower major bleeding and similar mortality compared to warfarin.43,44”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [44]
The cited statement discusses ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children; its Blood Pressure Load and Nocturnal Hypertension sections address pediatric kidney disease, not anticoagulant outcomes. Searches for apixaban, warfarin, major bleeding, mortality, and dialysis found no passage reporting the claimed US Renal Data System studies. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExercise interventions improve quality of life and several cardiometabolic parameters, even in those with advanced liver disease.
“Exercise interventions improve quality of life and several cardiometabolic parameters, even in those with advanced liver disease.44,45”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [44]
The supplied Cardiovascular Risk section discusses elevated blood pressure in children, and the closest References passage concerns physical activity and ambulatory blood pressure in adolescents. Searches for exercise interventions, quality of life, and liver disease found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed benefits in people with advanced liver disease. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDecreases in eGFR up to 30% after initiation of a RASi or MRA are expected and acceptable.
“Decreases in eGFR up to 30% after initiation of a RASi or MRA are expected and acceptable.44”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [44]
The STANDARD APPLICATION OF ABPM and INTERPRETATION OF ABPM STUDIES sections discuss blood-pressure monitoring and classification, not kidney-function changes after starting RASi or MRA. Searches for eGFR, MRA, and a 30% decrease found no passage in our copy addressing whether such a decrease is expected or acceptable. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Nugent, J. T., Binka, E., & Brady, T. M. (2025) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpaf222 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMachine learning model for detecting masked hypertension in young adults
Miller, B., Coeyman, S. J., Wentzel, A., Mels, C., & Richardson, W. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1684693 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thunsiribuddhichai, Y., Sengsim, J., Santiprabhob, J., Chaiyapak, T., Pattaragarn, A., & Piyaphanee, N. (2025) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-025-07064-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Flynn, J. T., Urbina, E. M., Brady, T. M., Baker-Smith, C., Daniels, S. R., Hayman, L. L., Mitsnefes, M., Tran, A., Zachariah, J. P., & on behalf of the Atherosclerosis, H.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2022-07
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e114-e124
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- PMC
- PMC12168719
- OpenAlex
- W4281298204
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 11
- FWCI
- 7.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL148217)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Keywords
- ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, pediatric hypertension, children and adolescents, target organ damage, blood pressure classification, hypertension diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, American Heart Association, Blood Pressure, Child, Humans, Hypertension, United States, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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