Cited by 1,512Blood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesNon-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringCardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention

Measurement of Blood Pressure in Humans: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

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Muntner, Paul, Shimbo, Daichi, Carey, Robert M., Charleston, Jeanne B., Gaillard, Trudy, Misra, Sanjay, Myers, Martin G., Ogedegbe, Gbenga +7 more·2019·Hypertension

Abstract

The accurate measurement of blood pressure (BP) is essential for the diagnosis and management of hypertension. This article provides an updated American Heart Association scientific statement on BP measurement in humans. In the office setting, many oscillometric devices have been validated that allow accurate BP measurement while reducing human errors associated with the auscultatory approach. Fully automated oscillometric devices capable of taking multiple readings even without an observer being present may provide a more accurate measurement of BP than auscultation. Studies have shown substantial differences in BP when measured outside versus in the office setting. Ambulatory BP monitoring is considered the reference standard for out-of-office BP assessment, with home BP monitoring being an alternative when ambulatory BP monitoring is not available or tolerated. Compared with their counterparts with sustained normotension (ie, nonhypertensive BP levels in and outside the office setting), it is unclear whether adults with white-coat hypertension (ie, hypertensive BP levels in the office but not outside the office) have increased cardiovascular disease risk, whereas those with masked hypertension (ie, hypertensive BP levels outside the office but not in the office) are at substantially increased risk. In addition, high nighttime BP on ambulatory BP monitoring is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Both oscillometric and auscultatory methods are considered acceptable for measuring BP in children and adolescents. Regardless of the method used to measure BP, initial and ongoing training of technicians and healthcare providers and the use of validated and calibrated devices are critical for obtaining accurate BP measurements.

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Authors
Muntner, P., Shimbo, D., Carey, R. M., Charleston, J. B., Gaillard, T., Misra, S., Myers, M. G., Ogedegbe, G., Schwartz, J. E., Townsend, R. R., Urbina, E. M., Viera, A. J., White, W. B., Wright, J. T., & on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Hypertension; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Clinical Cardiology; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research
Venue
Hypertension
Published
2019-05
Volume
73
Issue
5
Pages
e35-e66
ISSN
  • 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
  • 1524-4563
OpenAlex
W2920258695
Cited by
1,512
References
323
Citations by year
2026: 209 · 2025: 255 · 2024: 240 · 2023: 190 · 2022: 223 · 2021: 199 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 52
FWCI
27.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Hypertension (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • American Heart Association
  • European Society of Cardiology
  • National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001070)
  • Office of Science
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL098967)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK107870, R56DK107870)
  • National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025755)
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Keywords
blood pressure measurement, hypertension diagnosis, oscillometric blood pressure devices, auscultatory method, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, home blood pressure monitoring, white coat hypertension, masked hypertension, nocturnal blood pressure, cardiovascular risk, children and adolescents, technician training, device calibration
MeSH terms
American Heart Association, Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Determination, Humans, Hypertension, United States, Disease Management, Consensus

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