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Food Insecurity Is Associated With Cardiovascular and All‐Cause Mortality Among Adults in the United States
Open accessAbstract
Background Food insecurity is a global leading public health challenge that affects not only developing countries but also developed countries, including the United States. About 50 million Americans are food insecure. In this study we examined the associations of the adult food insecurity with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in a nationally representative sample of US adults. Methods and Results We included 27 188 US adults (age ≥40 years of age) who participated in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2014. Food insecurity status was assessed using the Food Security Survey Module developed by the US Department of Agriculture. Mortality from all causes and cardovascular disease was ascertained through data linkage to the National Death Index through December 31, 2015. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression with sampling weights to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, according to food security status. During 205 389 person-years of the period, 5039 deaths occurred, including 1084 cardiovascular disease deaths. After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, and dietary and lifestyle factors, participants with very low food security had higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, with multivariable-adjusted HRs of 1.32 (95% CI, 1.07-1.62), and 1.53 (95% CI, 1.04-2.26), respectively, compared with those with high food security. Conclusions Food insecurity is significantly associated with increased risk of excess death from cardiovascular disease and all causes in US adults.
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Food insecurity increases the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in adults.
“Food insecurity has been shown to increase the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in adults [25,34]”
From Food Insecurity, Walkability, and Social Determinants of Health: A Cross-Sectional, County-Level Study of Associations with Maternal and Infant Mortality in the United States (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
The Conclusions report an association between food insecurity and higher all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among US adults. The Methods and Results specify adults aged 40 or older. The claim’s wording implies a causal increase in risk, but the Discussion states that this observational study could not establish a causal relationship. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Wang, X., Ouyang, Y., Liu, J., Zhu, M., Zhao, G., Bao, W., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g4490 · Cited by 1,596
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Heidenreich, P. A., Bozkurt, B., Aguilar, D., Allen, L. A., Byun, J. J., Colvin, M. M., Deswal, A., Drazner, M. H., Dunlay, S. M., Evers, L. R., et al. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001063 · Cited by 4,922
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“Food insecurity has been shown to increase the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in adults [25,34]; however, there is a gap in the literature to support an association between food insecurity and maternal mortality specifically.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Sun, Y., Liu, B., Rong, S., Du, Y., Xu, G., Snetselaar, L. G., Wallace, R. B., & Bao, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Bao, Wei
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Heart Association
- Published
- 2020-10-06
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- e014629-e014629
- ISSN
- 2047-9980 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7792411
- OpenAlex
- W3088563119
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 15
- FWCI
- 21.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Journal of the American Heart Association (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (ES005605)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES005605)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Security and Socioeconomic Dynamics
- Keywords
- food insecurity, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, very low food security, socioeconomic status, diet and health, United States adults
- MeSH terms
- Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Food Insecurity, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Nutrition Surveys, United States
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