Motor recovery and axonal plasticity with short-term amphetamine after stroke

Papadopoulos, Catherine M.; Tsai, Shih-Yen; Guillen, Veronica; Ortega, Juan; Kartje, Gwendolyn L.; Wolf, William A.

doi:10.1161/strokeaha.108.519769

Cited by 74Stroke Rehabilitation and RecoverySpinal Cord Injury ResearchTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies

Motor recovery and axonal plasticity with short-term amphetamine after stroke

Open access

Papadopoulos, Catherine M., Tsai, Shih-Yen, Guillen, Veronica, Ortega, Juan, Kartje, Gwendolyn L., Wolf, William A.·2009·Stroke

DOI 10.1161/strokeaha.108.519769PMC PMC3806086

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background and Purpose— There is considerable debate regarding the efficacy of amphetamine to facilitate motor recovery after stroke or experimental brain injury. Different drug dosing and timing schedules and differing physical rehabilitation strategies may contribute to outcome variability. The present study was designed to ascertain (1) whether short-term amphetamine could induce long-term functional motor recovery in rats after an ischemic lesion modeling stroke in humans; (2) how different levels of physical rehabilitation interact with amphetamine to enhance forelimb-related functional outcome; and (3) whether motor improvement was associated with axonal sprouting from intact corticoefferent pathways originating in the contralesional forelimb motor cortex. Methods— After permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, rats received vehicle or amphetamine during the first postoperative week (2 mg/kg, subcutaneously on Postoperative Days 2, 5, and 8). In both treatment groups, separate cohorts of rats were exposed to different levels of “physical rehabilitation” represented by a control environment, enriched environment, or enriched environment with additional sessions of focused activity. Skilled forelimb performance was assessed using the forelimb reaching task and ladder rung walk test. Anterograde tracing with biotinylated dextran amine was used to assess new fiber outgrowth to denervated motor areas. Results— All treatment groups showed significant motor improvement as compared with control-housed, vehicle-treated animals. However, animals housed in an enriched environment that received amphetamine paired with focused activity sessions performed significantly better than any other treatment group and was the only group to achieve complete motor recovery (ie, reached preoperative performance) by 8 weeks. This recovery was associated with axonal sprouting into deafferentated subcortical areas from contralesional projection neurons. Conclusions— This study suggests that, after stroke, short-term pairing of amphetamine with sufficiently focused activity is an effective means of inducing long-term improvement in forelimb motor function. The anatomic data suggests that corticoefferent plasticity in the form of axonal sprouting contributes to the maintenance of motor recovery.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/strokeaha.108.519769

Cites

71 of 71 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Axonal growth responses are relatively uniform across different treatment types, with contralesional sprouting evident after growth factors, anti-NogoA antibodies, neurostimulants, and cell-based therapeutics.
“Importantly, axonal growth responses are relatively uniform for different types of treatment: contralesional sprouting was evident after delivery of growth factors,19,24 neutralising antibodies directed against the axonal growth inhibitor NogoA,11,17 neurostimulants (eg, amphetamine), 29 and cell-based therapeutics, namely bone-marrow-derived stromal cells12,30 or neural pre cursor cells.15”
From Promoting brain remodelling and plasticity for stroke recovery: therapeutic promise and potential pitfalls of clinical translation (2012) · cites this paper as [29]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2008 Update
Writing Group Members, Rosamond, W. D., Flegal, K. M., Furie, K. L., Go, A. S., Greenlund, K. J., Haase, N., Hailpern, S. M., Ho, M., Howard, V. J., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.187998 · Cited by 3,745 · see citing works
Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction
Nestler, E. J. (2001) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35053570 · Cited by 1,857 · see citing works
Degeneration and regeneration of axons in the lesioned spinal cord
Schwab, M. E., & Bartholdi, D. (1996) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1996.76.2.319 · Cited by 1,124 · see citing works
Amphetamine, Haloperidol, and Experience Interact to Affect Rate of Recovery After Motor Cortex Injury
Feeney, D. M., Gonzalez, A., & Law, W. A. (1982) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7100929 · Cited by 921 · see citing works
Alterations in the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex following repeated treatment with amphetamine or cocaine
Robinson, T. E., & Kolb, B. E. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00576.x · Cited by 726 · see citing works
The organization of the rat motor cortex: A microstimulation mapping study
Neafsey, E. J., Bold, E. L., HAAS, G., Hurley-Gius, K. M., Quirk, G. J., Sievert, C. F., & Terreberry, R. R. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(86)80191-3 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Cortical and subcortical lesions impair skilled walking in the ladder rung walking test: a new task to evaluate fore- and hindlimb stepping, placing, and co-ordination
Metz, G. A. S., & Whishaw, I. Q. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/s0165-0270(02)00012-2 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
The organization of the rat motor cortex: A microstimulation mapping study
Neafsey, E. J., Bold, E. L., Haas, G., Hurley-Gius, K. M., Quirk, G. J., Sievert, C. F., & Terreberry, R. R. (1986) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(86)90011-1 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Enriched Rehabilitative Training Promotes Improved Forelimb Motor Function and Enhanced Dendritic Growth after Focal Ischemic Injury
Biernaskie, J. A., & Corbett, D. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-14-05272.2001 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Motor rehabilitation and brain plasticity after hemiparetic stroke
Schaechter, J. D. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.04.001 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Amphetamine Paired With Physical Therapy Accelerates Motor Recovery After Stroke
Walker-Batson, D., Smith, P. S., Curtis, S., Unwin, D. H., & Greenlee, R. G. (1995) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.26.12.2254 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Social grouping cannot account for cerebral effects of enriched environments
Rosenzweig, M. R., Bennett, E. L., Hébert, M., & Morimoto, H. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90340-2 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine
Kuczenski, R., Segal, D., Cho, A., & Melega, W. (1995) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-02-01308.1995 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Enhanced Neocortical Neural Sprouting, Synaptogenesis, and Behavioral Recovery With d -Amphetamine Therapy After Neocortical Infarction in Rats
Stroemer, R. P., Kent, T. A., & Hulsebosch, C. E. (1998) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.29.11.2381 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Evidence that amphetamine with physical therapy promotes recovery of motor function in stroke patients
Crisostomo, E. A., Duncan, P. W., Propst, M., Dawson, D. V., & Davis, J. N. (1988) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410230117 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Environment, Social Interaction, and Physical Activity as Determinants of Functional Outcome after Cerebral Infarction in the Rat
Johansson, B. B., & Ohlsson, A.-L. (1996) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1996.0106 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Topographic reorganization in the striate cortex of the adult cat and monkey is cortically mediated
Darian‐Smith, C., & Gilbert, C. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-03-01631.1995 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Intracisternal basic fibroblast growth factor enhances functional recovery and up-regulates the expression of a molecular marker of neuronal sprouting following focal cerebral infarction
Kawamata, T., Dietrich, W. D., Schallert, T. J., Gotts, J. E., Cocke, R. R., Benowitz, L. I., & Finklestein, S. P. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.15.8179 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Loss of the innate cortical engram for action patterns used in skilled reaching and the development of behavioral compensation following motor cortex lesions in the rat
Whishaw, I. Q. (2000) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(99)00259-2 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Locomotor Effects of Acute and Repeated Threshold Doses of Amphetamine and Methylphenidate: Relative Roles of Dopamine and Norepinephrine
Kuczenski, R. T., & Segal, D. S. (2001) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)38829-9 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Plasticity in the neocortex: mechanisms underlying recovery from early brain damage
Kolb, B. E., & Whishaw, I. Q. (1989) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(89)90023-3 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Neuronal Plasticity and Dendritic Spines: Effect of Environmental Enrichment on Intact and Postischemic Rat Brain
Johansson, B. B., & Belichenko, P. V. (2002) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200201000-00011 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Functional recovery and neuroanatomical plasticity following middle cerebral artery occlusion and IN-1 antibody treatment in the adult rat
Papadopoulos, C. M., Tsai, S., Alsbiei, T., O'Brien, T. E., Schwab, M. E., & Kartje, G. L. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10144 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Self-citation
Amphetamine with experience promotes recovery of locomotor function after unilateral frontal cortex injury in the cat
Hovda, D. A., & Fenney, D. M. (1984) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)91437-9 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of the actions of D-amphetamine and D-methamphetamine on the dopamine terminal.
Melega, W. P., Williams, A. E., Schmitz, D. A., Distefano, E. W., & Cho, A. K. (1995) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)10706-4 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Experience-Associated Structural Events, Subependymal Cellular Proliferative Activity, and Functional Recovery After Injury to the Central Nervous System
Schallert, T. J., Leasure, J. L., & Kolb, B. E. (2000) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200011000-00001 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Increase of basic fibroblast growth factor immunoreactivity and its mRNA level in rat brain following transient forebrain ischemia
Takami, K., Iwane, M., Kiyota, Y., et al. (1992) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00229250 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Delayed Treatment with Monoclonal Antibody IN-1 1 Week after Stroke Results in Recovery of Function and Corticorubral Plasticity in Adult Rats
Seymour, A. B., Andrews, E. M., Tsai, S., Markus, T. M., Bollnow, M. R., Brenneman, M. M., O’Brien, T. E., Castro, A. J., Schwab, M. E., & Kartje, G. L. (2005) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600134 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citation
Amphetamines for improving recovery after stroke
Martinsson, L., Hårdemark, H., & Eksborg, S. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002090.pub2 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Visual response properties of neurons in the middle and lateral suprasylvian cortices of the behaving cat
Yin, T. C. T., & Greenwood, M. (1992) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf02259124 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Unilateral ischemic sensorimotor cortical damage induces contralesional synaptogenesis and enhances skilled reaching with the ipsilateral forelimb in adult male rats
Luke, L. M., Allred, R. P., & Jones, T. A. (2004) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20080 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Selective enhancement of axonal branching of cultured dentate gyrus neurons by neurotrophic factors
Patel, M., & McNamara, J. O. (1995) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(95)00281-m · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Contralesional neural plasticity and functional changes in the less-affected forelimb after large and small cortical infarcts in rats
HSU, J., & Jones, T. A. (2006) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.05.003 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Electrophysiological analysis of motor cortical plasticity after cortical lesions in newborn rats
Kartje, G. L., Neafsey, E. J., & Castro, A. J. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90393-2 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citation
Blockade of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Retards Recovery from Motor Cortex Injury in Rats
Rowntree, S., & Kolb, B. E. (1997) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01660.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Trajectory of redirected corticospinal axons after unilateral lesion of the sensorimotor cortex in neonatal rat; A phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) tracing study
Rouiller, E. M., Liang, F., Moret, V., & Wiesendanger, M. (1991) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(91)90084-p · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Long-Lasting Induction of Astrocytic Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor by Repeated Injections of Amphetamine: Blockade by Concurrent Treatment with a Glutamate Antagonist
Flores, C., Rodaros, D., & Stewart, J. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-22-09547.1998 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The problem of relating plasticity and skilled reaching after motor cortex stroke in the rat
Whishaw, I. Q., Alaverdashvili, M., & Kolb, B. E. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.12.026 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Axonal plasticity is associated with motor recovery following amphetamine treatment combined with rehabilitation after brain injury in the adult rat.
Ramic, M., Emerick, A., Bollnow, M. R., O'Brien, T. E., Tsai, S.-Y., & Kartje, G. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.063 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citation
Alterations in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Expression Following Brain Injury
Reilly, J. F., & Kumari, V. G. (1996) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1996.0124 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The role of polypeptide growth factors in recovery from stroke.
Kawamata, T., Speliotes, E. K., & Finklestein, S. P. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Gene Expression Profiling in the Intact and Injured Brain Following Environmental Enrichment
Keyvani, K., Sachser, N., Witte, O. W., & Paulus, W. (2004) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/63.6.598 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Bilateral corticofugal projection to the red nucleus after neonatal lesions in the albino rat
Nah, S. H., & Leong, S. K. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90242-0 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
t Requirement of Endogenous Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor for Sensitization to Amphetamine
Flores, T., Samaha, A., & Stewart, J. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-02-j0003.2000 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
No benefit from D-amphetamine when added to physiotherapy after stroke: a randomized, placebo-controlled study
Treig, T., Werner, C., Sachse, M., et al. (2003) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/0269215503cr653oa · Cited by 65 · see citing works
d-Amphetamine enhances skilled reaching after ischemic cortical lesions in rats
Adkins, D. L., & Jones, T. A. (2005) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.01.036 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Influence of lesion size and location on amphetamine-facilitated recovery of beam-walking in rats.
Goldstein, L. B., & Davis, J. N. (1990) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.104.2.320 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Influence of lesion size and location on amphetamine-facilitated recovery of beam-walking in rats.
Goldstein, L. B., & Davis, J. N. (1990) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.104.2.320 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Cortical and striatal structure and connectivity are altered by neonatal hemidecortication in rats
Kolb, B. E., Gibb, R. L., & van der Kooy, D. (1992) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903220303 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Effects of Amphetamine on Recovery of Function after Cortical Damage in the Rat Depend on the Behavioral Requirements of the Task
Schmanke, T. D., AVERY, R. A., & Barth, T. M. (1996) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1996.13.293 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Behavioral recovery and anatomical plasticity in adult rats after cortical lesion and treatment with monoclonal antibody IN-1
Emerick, A. J., & Kartje, G. L. (2004) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.010 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citation
Corticopontine remodelling after cortical and/or cerebellar lesions in newborn rats
Castro, A. J., & Mihailoff, G. A. (1983) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902190111 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
An anterograde HRP-WGA study of aberrant corticorubral projections following neonatal lesions of the rat sensorimotor cortex
Naus, C. C. G., Flumerfelt, B. A., & Hrycyshyn, A. W. (1985) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00230916 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2) immunoreactivity exists in the noradrenaline, adrenaline and 5-HT nerve cells of the rat brain
Chadi, G., Tinner, B., Agnati, L. F., et al. (1993) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90406-b · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Topography of corticopontine remodelling after cortical lesions in newborn rats
Kartje‐Tillotson, G., Neafsey, E. J., & Castro, A. J. (1986) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902500207 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Potential mechanisms regulating the extracellular activities of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2)
Baird, A. (1994) · Molecular Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1002/mrd.1080390108 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Pyramidotomy abolishes the abnormal movements evoked by intracortical microstimulation in adult rats that sustained neonatal cortical lesions
Kartje, G. L., O'Donoghue, D. L., Dauzvardis, M. F., & Castro, A. J. (1987) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)90283-6 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neurotransmitters and motor activity: Effects on functional recovery after brain injury
Goldstein, L. B. (2006) · NeuroRx · doi:10.1016/j.nurx.2006.07.010 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effects of Dorsal Noradrenergic Bundle Lesions on Recovery After Sensorimotor Cortex Injury
Goldstein, L. B., & Bullman, S. L. (1997) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00324-9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Amphetamine promotes task-dependent recovery following focal cortical ischaemic lesions in the rat.
Gilmour, G., Iversen, S., O'Neill, M. F., O'Neill, M. J., Ward, M., & Bannerman, D. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.06.027 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Noradrenergic modulation of hemiplegia: Facilitation and maintenance of recovery
Feeney, D. M., Smet, A. M. D., & Rai, S. (2004) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2004-00274 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
No improvement by amphetamine on learned non‐use, attempts, success or movement in skilled reaching by the rat after motor cortex stroke
Alaverdashvili, M., Lim, D. H., & Whishaw, I. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05594.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dexamphetamine treatment in stroke
Long, D., & Young, J. (2003) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcg113 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Amphetamines and related drugs in motor recovery after stroke
Goldstein, L. B. (2003) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1047-9651(02)00060-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Repeated, intermittent treatment with amphetamine induces neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells)
Park, Y. H., Kantor, L., Wang, K., et al. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03103-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Alteration of basic fibroblast growth factor expression in rat during cerebral ischemia.
Wei, O., Huang, Y., Da, C. D., et al. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cellular localization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-like immunoreactivity in adult monkey brain
Kawamoto, Y., Nakamura, S., Kawamata, T., Akiguchi, I., & Kimura, J. (1999) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01082-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mechanisms contributing to sparing of function following neonatal damage to spinal pathways
Goldberger, M. E. (1986) · Neurochemical Pathology · doi:10.1007/bf02842940 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Re-examination of the plasticity of the corticothalamic projection after unilateral neonatal lesion of the sensorimotor cortex in the rat: a phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin tracing study.
Xh, Y., Moret, & Rouiller, E. M. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics of Dexamphetamine in Acute Stroke
Martinsson, L., Yang, X., Beck, O., Wahlgren, N. G., & Eksborg, S. (2003) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/00002826-200309000-00012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Should Amphetamines Be Given to Improve Recovery After Stroke?
Martinsson, L., Hårdemark, H., & Eksborg, S. (2007) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.107.484923 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Promoting brain remodelling and plasticity for stroke recovery: therapeutic promise and potential pitfalls of clinical translation
Hermann, D. M., & Chopp, M. (2012) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70039-x · Cited by 333 · see citing works

Age-related declines in nigral neuronal function correlate with motor impairments in rhesus monkeys
Emborg, M. E., Ma, S. Y., Mufson, E. J., Levey, A. I., Taylor, M. D., Brown, W. D., Holden, J. E., & Kordower, J. H. (1998) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19981116)401:2 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy in the Adult Rat after Unilateral Corticospinal Tract Injury
Maier, I. C., Baumann, K., Thallmair, M., Weinmann, O., Scholl, J., & Schwab, M. E. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1697-08.2008 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Callosal axon arbors in the limb representations of the somatosensory cortex (SI) in the agouti (Dasyprocta primnolopha)
Rocha, E. G., Santiago, L. F., Freire, M. A. M., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21167 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Improved Functional Outcome After Peripheral Nerve Stimulation of the Impaired Forelimb Post-stroke
Tsai, S., Schreiber, J. A., Adamczyk, N. S., Wu, J. Y., Ton, S. T., Hofler, R. C., Walter, J. S., O’Brien, T. E., Kartje, G. L., & Nockels, R. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.610434 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Topographically Divergent and Convergent Connectivity between Premotor and Primary Motor Cortex
Dancause, N., Barbay, S., Frost, S. B., Plautz, E. J., Popescu, M., Dixon, P. M., Stowe, A. M., Friel, K. M., & Nudo, R. J. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj049 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Authors: Papadopoulos, C. M., Tsai, S.-Y., Guillen, V., Ortega, J., Kartje, G. L., & Wolf, W. A.
Affiliations: Loyola University Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Tsai, Shih-Yen
Venue: Stroke
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2009-01
Volume: 40
Issue: 1
Pages: 294-302
ISSN: 0039-2499 (ISSN-L)
1524-4628
DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.519769
PMC: PMC3806086
OpenAlex: W2125770638
Cited by: 74
References: 71
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 7.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Stroke (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01 RX000828)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS40960, R01NS040960, R56NS040960)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 44772, R01HD044772)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Spinal Cord Injury Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Keywords: amphetamine, motor recovery, axonal sprouting, environmental enrichment, physical rehabilitation, middle cerebral artery occlusion, forelimb function, deafferentation, contralesional motor cortex
MeSH terms: Amphetamines, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Administration Schedule, Efferent Pathways, Forelimb, Male, Motor Cortex, Movement Disorders, Nerve Regeneration, Neuronal Plasticity, Paresis, Treatment Outcome, Recovery of Function, Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery, Rats, Long-Evans, Growth Cones, Stroke, Rats

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Motor recovery and axonal plasticity with short-term amphetamine after stroke

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks