The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Job Creation or Destruction? Labor Market Effects of Wal-Mart Expansion
Abstract
This paper estimates the effect of Wal-Mart expansion on retail employment at the county level. Using an instrumental variables approach to correct for both measurement error in entry dates and endogeneity of the timing of entry, I find that Wal-Mart entry increases retail employment by 100 jobs in the year of entry. Half of this gain disappears over the next five years as other retail establishments exit and contract, leaving a long-run statistically significant net gain of 50 jobs. Wholesale employment declines by approximately 20 jobs due to Wal-Mart's vertical integration. No spillover effect is detected in retail sectors in which Wal-Mart does not compete directly, suggesting Wal-Mart does not create agglomeration economies in retail trade at the county level.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
The Diffusion of Wal-Mart and Economies of Density
(2011) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta7699 · Cited by 445
Trouble in Store: Probes, Protests, and Store Openings by Wal‐Mart, 1998–2007
Ingram, P., Yue, L. Q., & Rao, H. (2010) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/653596 · Cited by 268
Retail Globalization and Household Welfare: Evidence from Mexico
Atkin, D., Faber, B., & Gonzalez-Navarro, M. (2018) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/695476 · Cited by 263
Difference-in-Differences Estimation with Spatial Spillovers
Butts, K. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.03737 · Cited by 55
Global growth of “big box” stores and the potential impact on human health and nutrition
Taillie, L. S., Ng, S. W., & Popkin, B. M. (2016) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv062 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Basker, E.
- Venue
- Review of Economics and Statistics
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 174-183
- ISSN
- 0034-6535 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-9142
- OpenAlex
- W2275845557
- Cited by
- 338
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 75.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Job Creation or Destruction? Labor Market Effects of Wal-Mart Expansion. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1162/0034653053327568
- The paper
- Basker, E. (2005). Job Creation or Destruction? Labor Market Effects of Wal-Mart Expansion. Review of Economics and Statistics. https://doi.org/10.1162/0034653053327568
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
