The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Diffusion of Wal-Mart and Economies of Density
Open accessAbstract
The rollout of Wal-Mart store openings followed a pattern that radiated from the center outward, with Wal-Mart maintaining high store density and a contiguous store network all along the way. This paper estimates the benefits of such a strategy to Wal-Mart, focusing on the savings in distribution costs afforded by a dense network of stores. The paper takes a revealed preference approach, inferring the magnitude of density economies from how much sales cannibalization of closely packed stores Wal-Mart is willing to suffer to achieve density economies. The model is dynamic with rich geographic detail on the locations of stores and distribution centers. Given the enormous number of possible combinations of store-opening sequences, it is difficult to directly solve Wal-Mart's problem, making conventional approaches infeasible. The moment inequality approach is used instead and works well. The estimates show the benefits to Wal-Mart of high store density are substantial and likely extend significantly beyond savings in trucking costs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Entry and Competition in Concentrated Markets
Bresnahan, T. F., & Reiss, P. C. (1991) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261786 · Cited by 1,447
Economies of Density versus Economies of Scale: Why Trunk and Local Service Airline Costs Differ
Caves, D. W., Christensen, L. R., & Tretheway, M. W. (1984) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2555519 · Cited by 743
Partial Identification of Probability Distributions
(2003) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/b97478 · Cited by 698
What Happens When Wal-Mart Comes to Town: An Empirical Analysis of the Discount Retailing Industry
(2008) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta6649 · Cited by 655
Anatomy of the Selection Problem
Manski, C. F. (1989) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.2307/145818 · Cited by 535
Job Creation or Destruction? Labor Market Effects of Wal-Mart Expansion
Basker, E. (2005) · Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/0034653053327568 · Cited by 338
Moment Inequalities and Their Application
Pakes, A., Porter, J., Ho, K., & Ishii, J. (2015) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta6865 · Cited by 323
The effects of Wal-Mart on local labor markets
Neumark, D., Zhang, J., & Ciccarella, S. (2008) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2007.07.004 · Cited by 321
The Causes and Consequences of Wal-Mart's Growth
Basker, E. (2007) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.21.3.177 · Cited by 291
Consumer benefits from increased competition in shopping outlets: Measuring the effect of Wal‐Mart
Hausman, J., & Leibtag, E. (2007) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.994 · Cited by 263
Cited by
Retail Globalization and Household Welfare: Evidence from Mexico
Atkin, D., Faber, B., & Gonzalez-Navarro, M. (2018) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/695476 · Cited by 263
Microeconometrics with partial identification
(2020) · Handbook of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/bs.hoe.2020.05.002 · Cited by 99
Grocery Store Density and Food Waste
Belavina, E. (2021) · Manufacturing & Service Operations Management · doi:10.1287/msom.2019.0800 · Cited by 85
Cox, G., & Shi, X. (2023) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdac015 · Cited by 48
CONSTRAINT QUALIFICATIONS IN PARTIAL IDENTIFICATION
Kaido, H., Molinari, F., & Stoye, J. (2022) · Econometric Theory · doi:10.1017/s0266466621000207 · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Venue
- Econometrica
- Publisher
- The Econometric Society
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 253-302
- ISSN
- 0012-9682 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3121864791
- Cited by
- 445
- References
- 20
- FWCI
- 88.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Diffusion of Wal-Mart and Economies of Density. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3982/ecta7699
- The paper
- The Diffusion of Wal-Mart and Economies of Density. (2011). Econometrica. https://doi.org/10.3982/ecta7699
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
