The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy
Open accessAbstract
Analysts have argued that balance of power theory has become irrelevant to understanding state behavior in the post-Cold War international system dominated by the United States. Second-tier major powers (such as China, France, and Russia) and emerging powers (such as Germany and India) have refrained from undertaking traditional hard balancing through the formation of alliances or arms buildups. None of these states fears a loss of its sovereign existence as a result of increasing U.S. power. Nevertheless, some of these same states have engaged in soft-balancing strategies, including the formation of temporary coalitions and institutional bargaining, mainly within the United Nations, to constrain the power as well as the threatening behavior of the United States. Actions taken by others in response to U.S. military intervention in the Kosovo confiict of 1999 and the Iraq war of 2003 offer examples of soft balancing against the United States.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
War and Change in World Politics
Gilpin, R. (1981) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511664267 · Cited by 4,020
Cited by
Hegemony, liberalism and global order: what space for would-be great powers?
HURRELL, A. (2006) · International Affairs · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00512.x · Cited by 543
How to compare regional powers: analytical concepts and research topics
NOLTE, D. (2010) · Review of International Studies · doi:10.1017/s026021051000135x · Cited by 386
What's at Stake in the American Empire Debate
NEXON, D. H., & WRIGHT, T. (2007) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055407070220 · Cited by 357
The Unipolar Illusion Revisited: The Coming End of the United States' Unipolar Moment
Layne, C. (2006) · International Security · doi:10.1162/isec.2006.31.2.7 · Cited by 305
The Balance of Power in World History
(2007) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230591684 · Cited by 259
Metadata
- Authors
- Paul, T. V.
- Venue
- International Security
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2005-07
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46-71
- ISSN
- 0162-2889 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-4804
- OpenAlex
- W2068983527
- Cited by
- 510
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 87.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1162/0162288054894652
- The paper
- Paul, T. V. (2005). Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy. International Security. https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288054894652
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
