Cited by 286Action Observation and SynchronizationPrimate Behavior and EcologyMotor Control and Adaptation

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Mirror Neurons Responding to Observation of Actions Made with Tools in Monkey Ventral Premotor Cortex

Ferrari, Pier Francesco, Rozzi, Stefano, Fogassi, Leonardo·2005·Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Abstract

In the present study, we describe a new type of visuomotor neurons, named tool-responding mirror neurons, which are found in the lateral sector of monkey ventral premotor area F5. Tool-responding mirror neurons discharge when the monkey observes actions performed by an experimenter with a tool (a stick or a pair of pliers). This response is stronger than that obtained when the monkey observes a similar action made with a biological effector (the hand or the mouth). These neurons respond also when the monkey executes actions with both the hand and the mouth. The visual and the motor responses of each neuron are congruent in that they share the same general goal, that is, taking possession of an object and modifying its state. It is hypothesized that after a relatively long visual exposure to tool actions, a visual association between the hand and the tool is created, so that the tool becomes as a kind of prolongation of the hand. We propose that tool-responding mirror neurons enable the observing monkey to extend action-understanding capacity to actions that do not strictly correspond to its motor representations. Our findings support the notion that the motor cortex plays a crucial role in understanding action goals.

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Authors: Ferrari, P. F., Rozzi, S., & Fogassi, L.
Affiliations: University of Parma (IT)
ORCID: Ferrari, Pier Francesco
Rozzi, Stefano
Fogassi, Leonardo
Venue: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Publisher: MIT Press - Journals
Published: 2005-02-01
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 212-226
ISSN: 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
1530-8898
DOI: 10.1162/0898929053124910
OpenAlex: W2124298096
Cited by: 283
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 28.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Keywords: mirror neurons, ventral premotor cortex, F5, action observation, tool use, action understanding, motor cortex, action goals, rhesus monkeys
MeSH terms: Action Potentials, Animals, Brain Mapping, Imitative Behavior, Macaca nemestrina, Motor Activity, Motor Cortex, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Statistics, Nonparametric, Hand Strength, Observation

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Mirror Neurons Responding to Observation of Actions Made with Tools in Monkey Ventral Premotor Cortex

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