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The ontogenetic origins of mirror neurons: evidence from ‘tool-use’ and ‘audiovisual’ mirror neurons
Open accessAbstract
Since their discovery, mirror neurons—units in the macaque brain that discharge both during action observation and execution—have attracted considerable interest. Whether mirror neurons are an innate endowment or acquire their sensorimotor matching properties ontogenetically has been the subject of intense debate. It is widely believed that these units are an innate trait; that we are born with a set of mature mirror neurons because their matching properties conveyed upon our ancestors an evolutionary advantage. However, an alternative view is that mirror neurons acquire their matching properties during ontogeny, through correlated experience of observing and performing actions. The present article re-examines frequently overlooked neurophysiological reports of ‘tool-use’ and ‘audiovisual’ mirror neurons within the context of this debate. It is argued that these findings represent compelling evidence that mirror neurons are a product of sensorimotor experience, and not an innate endowment.
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The fact that tool-use and audiovisual mirror neurons respond maximally to unnatural stimuli is hard to reconcile with the genetic hypothesis.
“The fact that these MNs respond maximally to unnatural stimuli - stimuli to which the evolutionary ancestors of contemporary monkeys could not possibly have been exposed - is hard to reconcile with the genetic hypothesis (Cook, 2012; see section 6).”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Cook, 2012
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Mirror neurons: from origin to function
Cook, R., Bird, G., Catmur, C., Press, C., & Heyes, C. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13000903 · Cited by 647
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Cook, R.
- Affiliations
- City, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Cook, Richard
- ORCID
- Cook, Richard
- Venue
- Biology Letters
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2012-05-09
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 856-859
- ISSN
- 1744-9561 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-957X
- PMC
- PMC3440963
- OpenAlex
- W2160286851
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biology Letters (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- City Research Online (City University London) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- mirror neurons, ontogeny, action observation, macaque, action execution, neurophysiology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Learning, Macaca, Models, Neurological, Motor Cortex, Neurons, Psychomotor Performance, Tool Use Behavior, Mirror Neurons
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