The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Measuring Presence: A Response to the Witmer and Singer Presence Questionnaire
Abstract
ly for all of these types of things metrics can be established which are descriptions of the system, and not descriptions of people's responses to the system. Witmer and Singer, however, define immersion as the person's response to the VE system. This difference in terminology is unfortunate, but not a matter of any great concern. In order to Measuring Presence 2 avoid further confusion I will use the term `system immersion' to denote my meaning of the word, and `immersive response' to denote W&S's meaning. On a second reading of their paper, I realised that this terminological difference was a sign of a very profound difference in methodology regarding the elicitation of presence. The purpose of this note is to explain why I would never use the W&S questionnaire for studying presence - even though I am sure that in itself it can lead to useful insights about the nature of VE experience. About the meaning of presence itself, I find W&S's var
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“From an immersive point of view 94, which represents the degree of sensory fidelity achieved by the technological set up95 key to evoking a sense of being in the virtual world (see96 for review), the two tasks were equivalent.”
From The impact of multisensory integration and perceptual load in virtual reality settings on performance, workload and presence (2021) · cites this paper as [94]
Citations
Cites
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. J. (1998) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474698565686 · Cited by 6,371
Slater, M., & Wilbur, S. (1997) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1997.6.6.603 · Cited by 3,034
Self-citationMusings on Telepresence and Virtual Presence
Sheridan, T. B. (1992) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1992.1.1.120 · Cited by 1,344 · cited 1×
“The influence of having a virtual body (an avatar) on presence (Slater & Usoh, 1993);”
BackgroundDepth of Presence in Virtual Environments
Slater, M., Usoh, M., & Steed, A. (1994) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1994.3.2.130 · Cited by 1,342
Self-citationSlater, M., Usoh, M., & Steed, A. J. (1995) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/210079.210084 · Cited by 714
Self-citationApplied Statistics: Analysis of Variance and Regression.
Imrey, P. B., Dunn, O. J., & Clark, V. A. (1976) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2285782 · Cited by 593
The Influence of Body Movement on Subjective Presence in Virtual Environments
Slater, M., Steed, A., Mccarthy, J., & Maringelli, F. (1998) · Hum. Factors · doi:10.1518/001872098779591368 · Cited by 452
Self-citationWelch, R., Blackmon, T., Liu, A., Mellers, B., & Stark, L. (1996) · Presence - Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1996.5.3.263 · Cited by 316
Held, R. M., & Durlach, N. I. (1992) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.1992.1.1.109 · Cited by 282
Presence in immersive virtual environments
Slater, M., & Usoh, M. (2002) · doi:10.1109/vrais.1993.380793 · Cited by 226
Self-citationThe Influence of Dynamic Shadows on Presence in Immersive Virtual Environments
Slater, M., Usoh, M., & Chrysanthou, Y. (1995) · Eurographics · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9433-1_2 · Cited by 165
Self-citationThe effect of update rate on the sense of presence within virtual environments
Barfield, W., & Hendrix, C. M. (1995) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/bf02009709 · Cited by 165
Further musings on the psychophysics of presence
Sheridan, T. B. (2002) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.1994.399986 · Cited by 152
Presence of Mind:A Reaction to Thomas Sheridan's “Further Musings on the Psychophysics of Presence”
Ellis, S. R. (1996) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.1996.5.2.247 · Cited by 134
The Presence of Field Geologists in Mars-Like Terrain
McGreevy, M. W. (1992) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.1992.1.4.375 · Cited by 73
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. J. (1998) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474698565686 · Cited by 6,371
The Experience of Presence: Factor Analytic Insights
Schubert, T., Friedmann, F., & Regenbrecht, H. (2001) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474601300343603 · Cited by 2,303
Toward a More Robust Theory and Measure of Social Presence: Review and Suggested Criteria
Biocca, F. A., Harms, C., & Burgoon, J. K. (2003) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/105474603322761270 · Cited by 2,365
Measuring and defining the experience of immersion in games
Jennett, C., Cox, A. L., Cairns, P., Dhoparee, S., Epps, A., Tijs, T., & Walton, A. (2008) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2008.04.004 · Cited by 2,065
What are the learning affordances of 3‐D virtual environments?
Dalgarno, B., & Lee, M. J. W. (2010) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01038.x · Cited by 1,840
Metadata
- Authors
- Slater, M.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Slater, Mel
- ORCID
- Slater, Mel
- Venue
- Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 1999-10
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 560-565
- ISSN
- 1054-7460 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2178182204
- Cited by
- 855
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 17.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Keywords
- presence, presence measurement, virtual reality, terminology
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