The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Backlash to Climate Policy
Open accessAbstract
Hard climate policy (e.g., regulation, taxes/pricing, phaseouts) is needed to meet ambitious climate targets, but when such policy is introduced, it can sometimes trigger backlash. Backlash involves an abrupt and forceful negative reaction by a significant number of actors seeking to reverse a policy, often through extraordinary means that transgress established procedures and norms. Yet, explanations of policy backlash remain nascent and fragmented. I synthesize insights from within and beyond climate politics to argue that contested legitimacy is central to climate policy backlash, which provokes attempts toward delegitimation. I develop a conceptual pathway to explain the occurrence of climate policy backlash and generate hypotheses about how practices of delegitimation occur, and their effects. This contributes to explaining why backlash occurs, highlighting ideational factors alongside interests and institutions. Overall, I suggest the need for a contextually embedded approach to understanding the volatile dynamics of backlash, bringing political sociology into conversation with political economy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Recent data suggest that the world economy is on track to an income reduction of 11–29% by 2050, threatening the social and economic systems on which human health and wellbeing often depend.296,297”
From The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action (2024) · cites this paper as [297]
Citations
Cites
Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches
Suchman, M. C. (1995) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258788 · Cited by 19,903
McAdam, D., Tarrow, S., & Tilly, C. (2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511805431 · Cited by 5,558
Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019) · doi:10.1017/9781108595841 · Cited by 2,986
When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change
Pierson, P. (1993) · World Politics · doi:10.2307/2950710 · Cited by 2,600
Beetham, D. (2013) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-36117-2 · Cited by 2,397
Constructing and contesting legitimacy and accountability in polycentric regulatory regimes
Black, J. (2008) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2008.00034.x · Cited by 1,215
Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union Revisited: Input, Output and ‘Throughput’
Schmidt, V. A. (2013) · Political Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00962.x · Cited by 1,213
The Political Consequences of Social Movements
Amenta, E., Caren, N., Chiarello, E., & Su, Y. (2010) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120029 · Cited by 791
Right-wing populism and the climate change agenda: exploring the linkages
Lockwood, M. (2018) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2018.1458411 · Cited by 746
Putting Social Movements in their Place
McAdam, D., & Boudet, H. S. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139105811 · Cited by 583
Legitimacy in intergovernmental and non-state global governance
Bernstein, S. (2011) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290903173087 · Cited by 570
The New Governance and the Tools of Public Action: An Introduction
Salamon, L. M. (2011) · FLASH - Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship & History (Fordham University) · Cited by 551
The Legitimacy of International Governance: A Coming Challenge for International Environmental Law?
Bodansky, D. (1999) · American Journal of International Law · doi:10.2307/2555262 · Cited by 539
Ballots and Barricades: On the Reciprocal Relationship between Elections and Social Movements
McAdam, D., & Tarrow, S. (2010) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592710001234 · Cited by 483
Meta-analyses of fifteen determinants of public opinion about climate change taxes and laws
Bergquist, M., Nilsson, A., Harring, N., & Jagers, S. C. (2022) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01297-6 · Cited by 476
After the “Master Theory”: Downs, Schattschneider, and the Rebirth of Policy-Focused Analysis
Hacker, J. S., & Pierson, P. (2014) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592714001637 · Cited by 450
When Policies Undo Themselves: Self‐Undermining Feedback as a Source of Policy Change
Jacobs, A. M., & Weaver, R. K. (2014) · Governance · doi:10.1111/gove.12101 · Cited by 418
Bernauer, T. (2013) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-062011-154926 · Cited by 381
Aklin, M., & Mildenberger, M. (2018) · Global Environmental Politics · doi:10.1162/glep_a_00578 · Cited by 378
Mildenberger, M. (2020) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/12393.001.0001 · Cited by 348
Stokes, L. C. (2015) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12220 · Cited by 342
Designing policies that intentionally stick: policy feedback in a changing climate
Jordan, A., & Matt, E. (2014) · Policy Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11077-014-9201-x · Cited by 274
Toward a Theory of Backlash: Dynamic Resistance and the Central Role of Power
Mansbridge, J. J., & Shames, S. L. (2008) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x08000500 · Cited by 270
Exploring Citizen Support for Different Types of Climate Policy
Rhodes, E., Axsen, J., & Jaccard, M. (2017) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.02.027 · Cited by 267
Rosenbloom, D., Meadowcroft, J., & Cashore, B. W. (2018) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.12.009 · Cited by 255
Limited impacts of carbon tax rebate programmes on public support for carbon pricing
Mildenberger, M., Lachapelle, É., Harrison, K., & Stadelmann‐Steffen, I. (2022) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01268-3 · Cited by 219
Varieties of Policy Feedback Research: Looking Backward, Moving Forward
Béland, D., & Schlager, E. (2019) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12340 · Cited by 208
Global Commons, Domestic Decisions
(2010) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262014267.001.0001 · Cited by 191
Up and down with climate politics 2013–2016: the repeal of carbon pricing in Australia
Crowley, K. (2017) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.458 · Cited by 189
Climate Change Policy in the European Union
Jordan, A., Huitema, D., van Asselt, H., Rayner, T., & Berkhout, F. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139042772 · Cited by 187
Comparing coal phase-out pathways: The United Kingdom’s and Germany’s diverging transitions
Brauers, H., Oei, P.-Y., & Walk, P. (2020) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2020.09.001 · Cited by 183
Hess, D. J., & Renner, M. (2019) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.019 · Cited by 163
Institutions, Climate Change, and the Foundations of Long-Term Policymaking
Finnegan, J. (2022) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140211047416 · Cited by 162
Legitimacy in Global Governance
(2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198826873.001.0001 · Cited by 160
Alter, K. J., & Zürn, M. (2020) · The British Journal of Politics and International Relations · doi:10.1177/1369148120947958 · Cited by 142
Success? Failure? Something in-between? A framework for evaluating crisis management
McConnell, A. (2011) · Policy and Society · doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2011.03.002 · Cited by 137
Advancing Comparative Climate Change Politics: Theory and Method
Purdon, M. (2015) · Global Environmental Politics · doi:10.1162/glep_e_00309 · Cited by 120
Skocpol, T. R. (2013) · Cited by 117
Policy feedback and self-reinforcing and self-undermining processes in EU biofuels policy
Skogstad, G. (2016) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2015.1132752 · Cited by 114
Policy Feedback in an Age of Polarization
Hacker, J. S., & Pierson, P. (2019) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716219871222 · Cited by 107
Policy Characteristics, Electoral Cycles, and the Partisan Politics of Climate Change
Schulze, K. (2021) · Global Environmental Politics · doi:10.1162/glep_a_00593 · Cited by 105
Designing policy for the long term: agency, policy feedback and policy change
Sewerin, S., Béland, D., & Cashore, B. W. (2020) · Policy Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11077-020-09391-2 · Cited by 85
The politics of carbon taxation: how varieties of policy style matter
Andersen, M. S. (2019) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2019.1625134 · Cited by 76
Skogstad, G. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423903778925 · Cited by 68
Legitimacy beliefs towards global governance institutions: a research agenda
Dellmuth, L., & Schlipphak, B. (2019) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2019.1604788 · Cited by 67
Self-reinforcing and self-undermining feedbacks in subnational climate policy implementation
Millar, H., Bourgeois, E., Bernstein, S., & Hoffmann, M. J. (2020) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2020.1825302 · Cited by 59
Legitimation and Delegitimation in Global Governance
Bäckstrand, K., & Söderbaum, F. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198826873.003.0006 · Cited by 48
Limiting Policy Backlash: Strategies for Taming Countercoalitions in an Era of Polarization
Patashnik, E. M. (2019) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716219862511 · Cited by 46
Special Issue – Resistance to International Courts Introduction and Conclusion
Madsen, M. R., Cebulak, P., & Wiebusch, M. (2018) · International Journal of Law in Context · doi:10.1017/s1744552318000022 · Cited by 43
Carbon pricing and economic populism: the case of Ontario
Raymond, L. (2020) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1782824 · Cited by 41
The development of climate institutions in the United States
Mildenberger, M. (2021) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2021.1947445 · Cited by 37
Climate Politics after the Yellow Vests
Kinniburgh, C. (2019) · Dissent · doi:10.1353/dss.2019.0037 · Cited by 31
Neville, K. J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197535585.001.0001 · Cited by 26
Legitimacy in Global Governance Research
Agné, H. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198826873.003.0002 · Cited by 25
Losers’ and Non-voters’ Consent: Democratic Satisfaction in the 2009 and 2013 Elections in Germany
Rich, T. S., & Treece, M. (2016) · Government and Opposition · doi:10.1017/gov.2016.29 · Cited by 24
Political sociology in a time of protest
Barrie, C. (2021) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/00113921211024692 · Cited by 22
Lacombe, M. J. (2021) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12446 · Cited by 15
Is Canadian carbon pricing here to stay? The outlook after 14 elections
MacNeil, R. (2020) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2020.1719652 · Cited by 14
Challenges in the Empirical Study of Global Governance Legitimacy
Bernstein, S. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198826873.003.0011 · Cited by 12
Skogstad, G., & Whyte, T. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423914001115 · Cited by 10
Tarrow, S. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009043731 · Cited by 5
Chalifour, N. J. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 4
Lindvall, J. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198766865.003.0006 · Cited by 3
Tax-Welfare BacklashHow to Tax, Spend, and Yet Keep Cool
Wilensky, H. L. (2002) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/california/9780520231764.003.0010 · Cited by 1
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Bernstein, 2005, Legitimacy in Global Environmental Governance, Journal of International Law and International Relations, 1, 139
- Fankhauser, 2018, 10 Years of the UK Climate Change Act
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Romanello, M., Walawender, M., Hsu, S.-C., Moskeland, A., Palmeiro-Silva, Y., Scamman, D., Ali, Z., Ameli, N., Angelova, D., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01822-1 · Cited by 897
Romanello, M. B., Walawender, M., Hsu, S.-C., Moskeland, A., Palmeiro-Silva, Y. K., Scamman, D. P., Smallcombe, J. W., Abdullah, S., Ades, M., Al-Maruf, A., et al. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01919-1 · Cited by 375
Sovacool, B. K., Geels, F. W., Andersen, A. D., Grubb, M. J., Jordan, A., Kern, F., Kivimaa, P., Lockwood, M., Markard, J., Meadowcroft, J., et al. (2025) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2025.103948 · Cited by 147
Green finance in the global energy transition: Actors, instruments, and politics
Babić, M. (2024) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2024.103482 · Cited by 103
Green backlash and right-wing populism
Bosetti, V., Colantone, I., Vries, C. E. D., & Musto, G. (2025) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-025-02384-0 · Cited by 87
Metadata
- Authors
- Patterson, J. J.
- Affiliations
- European Research Council (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Patterson, James J.
- ORCID
- Patterson, James J.
- Venue
- Global Environmental Politics
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2023
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 68-90
- ISSN
- 1526-3800 (ISSN-L)
- 1536-0091
- OpenAlex
- W4307837594
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 15.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Global Environmental Politics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Sustainable Development
- Keywords
- delegitimization, climate politics, policy reversal, climate regulation, political sociology, political economy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review