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Prefrontal Cortical Mechanisms Underlying Individual Differences in Cognitive Flexibility and Stability
Open accessAbstract
The pFC is critical for cognitive flexibility (i.e., our ability to flexibly adjust behavior to changing environmental demands), but also for cognitive stability (i.e., our ability to follow behavioral plans in the face of distraction). Behavioral research suggests that individuals differ in their cognitive flexibility and stability, and neurocomputational theories of working memory relate this variability to the concept of attractor stability in recurrently connected neural networks. We introduce a novel task paradigm to simultaneously assess flexible switching between task rules (cognitive flexibility) and task performance in the presence of irrelevant distractors (cognitive stability) and to furthermore assess the individual "spontaneous switching rate" in response to ambiguous stimuli to quantify the individual dispositional cognitive flexibility in a theoretically motivated way (i.e., as a proxy for attractor stability). Using fMRI in healthy human participants, a common network consisting of parietal and frontal areas was found for task switching and distractor inhibition. More flexible persons showed reduced activation and reduced functional coupling in frontal areas, including the inferior frontal junction, during task switching. Most importantly, the individual spontaneous switching rate antagonistically affected the functional coupling between inferior frontal junction and the superior frontal gyrus during task switching and distractor inhibition, respectively, indicating that individual differences in cognitive flexibility and stability are indeed related to a common prefrontal neural mechanism. We suggest that the concept of attractor stability of prefrontal working memory networks is a meaningful model for individual differences in cognitive stability versus flexibility.
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“Cortical regions within these networks most strongly implicated in cognitive flexibility are the inferior frontal junction (IFJ), involved in the updating of task rule representations (18,26)”
From Brain Mechanisms Supporting Flexible Cognition and Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Armbruster, D. J. N., Ueltzhöffer, K., Basten, U., & Fiebach, C. J.
- Affiliations
- 1Goethe University Frankfurt am Main
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2012-12-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2385-2399
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2139146306
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (FI 848/3-1, DFG FI 848/3-1)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01GQ1003A)
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- cognitive flexibility, cognitive stability, individual differences, prefrontal cortex, task switching, distractor inhibition, attractor stability, working memory, inferior frontal junction, superior frontal gyrus, functional coupling, recurrent neural networks, neurocomputational model
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Cognition, Cues, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Individuality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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