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Are Children “Normal”?
Open accessAbstract
We examine Becker's (1960) contention that children are "normal." For the cross section of non-Hispanic white married couples in the U.S., we show that when we restrict comparisons to similarly-educated women living in similarly-expensive locations, completed fertility is positively correlated with the husband's income. The empirical evidence is consistent with children being "normal." In an effort to show causal effects, we analyze the localized impact on fertility of the mid-1970s increase in world energy prices - an exogenous shock that substantially increased men's incomes in the Appalachian coal-mining region. Empirical evidence for that population indicates that fertility increases in men's income.
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“This result is consistent with the Beckerian view that children are a normal good in parents preferences and conrms recent results from Lindo (2010), Black et al. (2013), and Brueckner and Schwandt (2015).”
From Fertility Transitions in Developing Countries: Convergence, Timing, and Causes (2019) · cites this paper as Black et al. (2013)
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Cites
How does Parental Leave Affect Fertility and Return to Work? Evidence from Two Natural Experiments*
Lalive, R., & Zweimüller, J. (2009) · Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.1363 · Cited by 582
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Cited by
Male Earnings, Marriageable Men, and Nonmarital Fertility: Evidence from the Fracking Boom
Kearney, M. S., & Wilson, R. (2018) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00739 · Cited by 166
Fertility Transitions in Developing Countries: Convergence, Timing, and Causes
Papagni, E. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3522996 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Black, D. A., Kolesnikova, N., Sanders, S. G., & Taylor, L. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of Mississippi (US)
- Duke University (US)
- National Opinion Research Center (US)
- Venue
- Review of Economics and Statistics
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-33
- ISSN
- 0034-6535 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-9142
- PMC
- PMC4507829
- OpenAlex
- W3122987699
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 12.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Review of Economics and Statistics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD065563, R21HD069778, R24HD065563)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
- Keywords
- fertility, completed fertility, energy prices, coal mining, Appalachia, married couples, non-Hispanic white women
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
