Cited by 106Demographic Trends and Gender PreferencesGender, Labor, and Family DynamicsChina's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance

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Fertility Restrictions and Life Cycle Outcomes: Evidence from the One-Child Policy in China

Huang, Wei, Lei, Xiaoyan, Sun, Ang·2021·The Review of Economics and Statistics

DOI 10.1162/rest_a_00921

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Abstract

Abstract This study considers the experience of china's one-child policy to examine how fertility restrictions affect economic and social outcomes over a lifetime. Using variations in these penalties across provinces and over time, we find that exposure to stricter fertility restrictions when young leads to higher education levels, more white-collar jobs, delayed marriage, and lower fertility rates. Further consequences include lower rates of residing with the elderly and higher household income, consumption, and savings. Finally, exposure to stricter fertility restrictions in early life increases female empowerment. Overall, fertility restrictions imposed when people are young have powerful effects throughout their life cycle.

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Authors: Huang, W., Lei, X., & Sun, A.
Affiliations: Emory University (US)
Peking University (CN)
Renmin University of China (CN)
Corresponding author: Huang, Wei
ORCID: Huang, Wei
Venue: The Review of Economics and Statistics
Publisher: MIT Press - Journals
Published: 2021-08-16
Pages: 1-17
ISSN: 0034-6535 (ISSN-L)
1530-9142
DOI: 10.1162/rest_a_00921
OpenAlex: W2562333936
Cited by: 106
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 9
FWCI: 13.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Review of Economics and Statistics (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance
Keywords: one-child policy, educational attainment, employment, delayed marriage, fertility rate, household income, household consumption, household savings, living arrangements, women's empowerment, China

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Fertility Restrictions and Life Cycle Outcomes: Evidence from the One-Child Policy in China

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