On the History of Refining Mercury in Tibetan Medicine

May combine two claims.

In early Tibetan sources from the eighth century, such as The King of the Moon and The Yellow Covered Book of Biji, mercury is mentioned only briefly, typically as an ingredient alongside sulphur and other materia medica, and no processing method is provided.

“In early Tibetan sources dating to the eighth century, such as The King of the Moon (Zla ba'i rgyal po) and The Yellow Covered Book of Biji (Bi ji po ti kha ser), 'mercury' (dngul chu) is only briefly mentioned, usually as an ingredient in combination with 'sulphur' (mu zi) and some other materia medica, but no processing of any kind is given.1”

• cites Zla ba'i rgyal po 178/20, 251/9; Bi ji po ti kha ser 443/5.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The mercury pill production described in The Small Tantra is a nine-step process that includes removal of tarnish and removal of poison.

“It is a process in nine steps that comprises the removal of the tarnish, removal of poison, and so on.”

• cites Rgyud chung 790/6.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Orgyenpa Rinchenpel travelled to Oḍḍiyāna, which in this context is probably identical with the Swat valley.

“On one of his journeys, he travelled to Oḍḍiyāna, a mythical place that in this context is probably identical with the Swat valley.”

• cites Tucci 1971.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Starting around 1253, Orgyenpa's travel itinerary began in Tibet and proceeded to Jalandhar, other regions in India, the Indus, the Swat valley, Mount Ilam, and Kashmir through the Hazara district.

“Starting in about 1253, his entire travel itinerary began in Tibet, from where he went to Jalandhar, in the present day northwest Indian state of Punjab, and then to other regions in India, to the Indus, to the Swat valley, to Mount Ilam, and to Kashmir through the Hazara district.11”

• cites Tucci 1971.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orgyenpa came to Dhumatala, probably the ancient site of Butkara near modern Mingaora in Pakistan, where he received the esoteric teaching Approach and Accomplishment of the Three Vajras from the deity Vajrayoginī.

“He also came to Dhumatala, probably the ancient site of Butkara near modern Mingaora in today's Pakistan, where he received the esoteric teaching Approach and Accomplishment of the Three Vajras (Rdo rje gsum gyi bsnyen sgrub) from the deity Vajrayoginī.”

May combine two claims.

In the biographies of Orgyenpa Rinchenpel, there is no account of the teachers or the exact manner by which he obtained the skill of mercury processing.

“Notably, in the biographies on Orgyenpa Rinchenpel one searches in vain for teachers or a description of exactly how he obtained this new and precious skill.13”

• cites Grub chen u rgyan pa'i rnam thar.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nyamnyi Dorjé's biography mentions only that he taught mercury processing but is silent on who originally taught it to him.

“His biography mentions only that he taught it but is silent on the person(s) who originally taught it to him.30”

• cites Mnyam nyid rdo rje rnam thar 103/16.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Drangti school's main teachings, The Measure of Gold and The Big Measure of Gold, were probably both compiled by Penden Gyeltsen and flourished during the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries.

“Their main teachings, The Measure of Gold (Gser bre) and The Big Measure of Gold (Gser bre chen mo), which were probably both compiled by Penden Gyeltsen (Dpal ldan rgyal mtshan), flourished during the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These sources state that jewel pills can eliminate all kinds of poisoning, subdue diseases caused by demons, lengthen life, and strengthen the body.

“Accordingly, these pills can eliminate all kinds of poisoning, subdue diseases caused by demons, lengthen life, and strengthen the body.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nyamnyi Dorjé's main work, the Ten Millions of Instructions: Relics, is a mine of external and internal treatment methods and numerous medicines.

“The main work that he left behind after his premature death was the Ten Millions of Instructions: Relics (Man ngag bye ba ring bsrel), which is a mine of external and internal treatment methods and numerous medicines.”

May combine two claims.

Drongtsé Lhasé Rinchen Gyatso was familiar with teachings of the Drangti school, but many other influences can be recognised in his work.

“He was familiar with teachings of the Drangti school, but also many other influences can be recognised in his work.”

May combine two claims.

Könchok Dropen Wangpo wrote a treatise titled Notes on the Practice of the Great Refinement of Mercury: The Full Illumination of the Hidden Meaning, during the purification of about 100 ounces of mercury under the guidance of his guru Chökyi Drakpa, possibly referring to the 1657 event.

“He left a brief but illuminating treatise titled Notes on the Practice of the Great Refinement of Mercury: The Full Illumination of the Hidden Meaning (Dngul chu btso bkru chen mo'i lag len zin bris sbas don kun gsal) on the refinement of mercury that was written by him during the purification of about a 100 ounces of mercury conducted under the guidance of his guru Chökyi Drakpa, possibly”

• cites Sbas don kun gsal.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Within the Drangti compilations there are texts on mercury processing of various lengths and details, including an untitled treatise on purification and detoxification of mercury, a treatise on refining mercury with preparation of Black Pills based on Orgyenpa's teachings, methods of detoxification according to Nagārjuna and Abhayākara, and a form to 'tame' mercury with mantras brought by Vanaratn

“Within these compilations one finds texts related to mercury processing in various length and detail, such as an untitled treatise on the purification and detoxification of mercury, a treatise on refining mercury with the preparation of 'Black Pills' (Rin chen sman nag) based on Orgyenpa's teachings, and methods of detoxification according to the system of Nagārjuna and of Abhayākara but also a”

• cites Gser bre chen mo 143/1-157/15, 176/16-178/10, 170/14-172/6, 178/11-181/4, Dngul bre 219/4-221/3, 114/13-115/5.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Vyālipa is credited with inventing the process of refining mercury, and the treatise translated from Sanskrit into Tibetan became the root text for this alchemical technology.

“Vyālipa is credited with inventing the process of refining mercury, and the treatise translated from Sanskrit into Tibetan formed the root text for this alchemical technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some of Nyamnyi Dorjé's treatises on mercury became standard works on the subject.

“Some of these became standard works on this subject.”

May combine two claims.

Tsangtö Darma Gönpo used medicines such as the 'Powerful Pill', which contained mercury that was 'tamed' by sulphur.

“He used medicines, such as the 'Powerful Pill' (Dbang po ril bu), which contained mercury that was 'tamed' by sulphur.18”

• cites Gtsang stod zin thig yang thig 599/1-602/13, 600/18.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The sources also state that wearing jewel pills as an amulet protects from hail, thunderbolts, weapons, and the eight types of spirits, and that they can seal the gates to lower realms of rebirth.

“Wearing them as an amulet on the body protects from hail, thunderbolts, and weapons, as well as from the eight types of spirits.It is even stated that it can seal the gates to the lower realms of rebirth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Chökyi Drakpa composed many medical treatises, only part of which has survived.

“He composed many medical treatises of which only a part has survived.”

May combine two claims.

One of Nyamnyi Dorjé's disciples was Kyempa Tsewang (born 1514), who wrote a detailed commentary on the Gyüshi and clinically oriented works such as the Hundreds of Longevity Empowerments.

“One of his disciples is Kyempa Tsewang (Skyem pa Tshe dbang, born 1514), who not only wrote a detailed commentary on the Gyüshi, but also clinically oriented works such as the Hundreds of Longevity Empowerments (Tshe dbang brgya rtsa).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There were also jewels from Töhor of Dorjé Rabtenma, who is said to be the wife of Qubilai.

“Moreover, there were also the jewels from Töhor (Stod hor) of Dorjé Rabtenma (Rdo rje rab brtan ma), who is said to be the wife of Qubilai.40”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A portion of the works Orgyenpa translated and composed still exists, and some were included in the Tengyur.

“A portion of the works he translated and composed still exists, and some were even included in the canonical collection of the Tengyur (Bstan 'gyur).14”

• cites Li 2011.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Rangjung Dorjé wrote the Treatise on Medicine: An Ocean of Medical Terms, which deals with topics including the five elements, seasons, three nyepa, anatomy, medical properties and diseases, materia medica, and others.

“Moreover, he wrote the Treatise on Medicine: An Ocean of Medical Terms (Sman gyi bstan bcos sman ming rgya mtsho), which deals with a variety of topics, such as the five elements, the seasons, the three 'faults' or nyepa (nyes pa), anatomy, medical properties and diseases, materia medica, and others.”

• cites Sman ming rgya mtsho 200/13.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Drangti medical school is said to have roots in imperial times and was still alive around the sixteenth century.

“Said to have its roots in imperial times, it was still alive around the sixteenth century.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tsangtö Darma Gönpo mentions Mangjor-18, which translates as 'Accumulation Pill with 18 Ingredients'.

“He also mentions 'Mangjor-18' (Mang sbyor bco brgyad), which translates as 'Accumulation Pill with 18 Ingredients' .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Beside Black Pills, Powerful Pills were also used for treating patients.

“Beside Black Pills, Powerful Pills were also used for treating patients.24”

• cites Dngul bre 109/2-9, 279/4-13.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rangjung Dorjé learnt medicine by studying sources such as the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā and other related works.

“Rangjung Dorjé, an accomplished master and outstanding scholar, had also learnt medicine by studying sources such as the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā and other related works.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The Ten Millions of Instructions: Relics contains different treatises on detoxifying mercury and descriptions of compounded drugs containing refined mercury.

“It also contains different treatises on the practice of detoxifying mercury and descriptions of compounded drugs containing refined mercury.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nyamnyi Dorjé's pills and their manufacturing methods are explained in detail in other treatises by him, such as The Illumination of the Hidden Meaning of the Minor, Medium and Major Black Pills and Notes on the Precious Cold Compound.

“These pills and their manufacturing methods are explained in detail in other treatises written by the same author such as The Illumination of the Hidden Meaning of the Minor, Medium and Major Black Pills: Jewels of Immortality (Ril nag che 'bring chung gsum gyi gsang don gsal byed 'chi med nor bu) and the Notes on the Precious Cold Compound (Rin chen tsha sbyor gyi zin bris).29”

• cites Ibid., 233/15-243/2, 144/6-146/16.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One of Chökyi Drakpa's most important students was Könchok Dropen Wangpo (born 1631), alias Tsewang Tenpa.

“One of the most important students of Chökyi Drakpa was Könchok Dropen Wangpo (Dkon mchog 'gro phan dbang po), alias Tsewang Tenpa (Tshe dbang brtan pa, born 1631).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Tsangtö Darma Gönpo, the Powerful Pills were based on an oral tradition originally from India handed down by Vāgbhaṭa, Candranandana, Rinchen Zangpo, and Zhangtönzhik.

“According to him, these pills were based on an oral tradition that originally came from India and was handed down by such famous doctors and scholars as Vāgbhaṭa, Candranandana, Rinchen Zangpo (Rin chen bzang po, 958-1055), and Zhangtönzhik (Zhang ston zhig).19”

• cites Ibid., 602/24.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

These important Drangti works were partly based on the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā but also included many teachings handed down for centuries within their family.

“These important works were partly based on the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā but also included many teachings that had been handed down for centuries within their family.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many rare and precious substances had to be gathered as ingredients for manufacturing these precious pills, such as various jewels and crystals.

“Many rare and precious substances had to be gathered as ingredients for the manufacturing of these precious pills, such as various jewels and crystals.”

May combine two claims.

Tsangtö Darma Gönpo was an important doctor of the Cherjé medical school who was familiar with the Gyüshi but mainly trained in his family tradition based on the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā.

“Tsangtö Darma Gönpo (Gtsang stod Dar ma mgon po, fl.thirteenth century CE) was an important doctor of the Cherjé medical school (Cher rje), who was familiar with the Gyüshi but was mainly trained in his family tradition, which was based on the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā.”

May combine two claims.

Chökyi Drakpa (1595-1659) was the twenty-third throne holder of the Drigung Kagyüpa school and a trained doctor who learnt and practised mercury detoxification.

“Another prominent physician, who learnt and practised mercury detoxification, was Chökyi Drakpa (Chos kyi grags pa, 1595-1659), the twenty-third throne holder of the Drigung Kagyüpa school ('Bri gung Bka' brgyud pa).He was not just a scholar and prolific writer in numerous fields, but also a trained doctor.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Measure of Silver, probably authored by Dorjé Pelzang, flourished during the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries.

“The Measure of Silver (Dngul bre), probably authored by Dorjé Pelzang (Rdo rje dpal bzang), flourished during the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tsangtö Darma Gönpo gives a detailed description of how to compound these medicines, collectively called 'black medicine', but does not give details on the procedure to purify the mercury needed.

“He gives a detailed description of how to compound these medicines, which collectively are also called 'black medicine' (sman nag), but without giving details on the procedure to purify the mercury needed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Drongtsé Lhasé Rinchen Gyatso, a fourteenth-century author and compiler of the Beubum, covered virtually all important subjects for a practising doctor in that work.

“At Drongtsé ('Brong rtse) in Myangtö (Myang stod, present-day Gyantse district of Tsang), the fourteenth-century author and compiler of the Beubum (Be'u bum) or Pithy Volume of Many Instructions, Drongtsé Lhasé Rinchen Gyatso ('Brong rtse Lha sras Rin chen rgya mtsho), covered virtually all important subjects for a practising doctor in this work.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Other rare ingredients used included a variety of jewels and crystals presented by a prince, relics of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, Shravakas, and holy teachers, an 'increasing bone' relic of Buddha Shakyamuni, relics of holy men of India, Nepal, and Tibet, a handful of golden myrobalan, a right-spiralling conch, milk from a white lioness, whiskers taken from a live tigress, and precious substances from

“Other rare ingredients used were a variety of jewels and crystals that were presented by a prince,41 a number of relics of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, Shravakas, and holy teachers, preeminently an 'increasing bone' relic of Buddha Shakyamuni, relics of holy men of India, Nepal, and Tibet, a handful of golden myrobalan, a rightspiralling conch, milk from a white lioness, whiskers taken from a live tig”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Tsangtö Darma Gönpo, Mangjor-18 originated from the prophecy of both the ḍākinī Sukhasiddhi and Ugyenpa (Rinchenpel).

“Mangjor-18 originated, he writes, from the prophecy of both the ḍākinī Sukhasiddhi and Ugyenpa, the latter referring to Rinchenpel himself.20”

• cites Ibid., 603/1-605/24.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is not fully known exactly how this new and revolutionary knowledge spread.

“It is not fully known exactly how this brandnew and revolutionary knowledge spread.”

May combine two claims.

Based on Orgyenpa's writings, Drongtsé Lhasé Rinchen Gyatso paid special attention to refining mercury, giving a lengthy and detailed description in his Pithy Volume of Many Instructions together with instructions for producing ashes based on metals and manufacturing pills such as Black Pills.

“Based on Orgyenpa's writings, he paid special attention to refining mercury, of which he gives a lengthy and detailed description in his Pithy Volume of Many Instructions together with instructions of producing ashes based on metals and the manufacturing of pills, such as the Black Pills.25”

• cites 'Brong rtse be'u bum 300/4-368/6.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

At the Zhapten Lhakhang chapel near Norbulingka palace, doctors and assistants refined a total of 770 ounces of mercury.

“There the doctors and their assistants refined a total of 770 ounces of mercury.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tibetan medicine declined with the Chinese invasion of Tibet and subsequent developments, especially during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), when its practice was forbidden and many physicians were imprisoned.

“With the invasion of Tibet by Chinese troops and the subsequent developments, Tibetan medicine declined, in particular during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) when its practice was forbidden and many physicians were imprisoned.”

May combine two claims.

During the reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama, Nyemo Tsédenpa refined mercury, prepared the Precious Cold Compound with small, medium, and major ingredients, and precious pills that cured and prevented poisoning.

“During the reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama, he refined mercury, prepared the 'Precious Cold Compound with the small, medium, and major [number of ingredients]' (Rin chen grang sbyor che 'bring chung), as well as precious pills that cured and prevented poisoning.”

May combine two claims.

Manuscripts containing Darmo Menrampa's notes are extant but unpublished.

“Manuscripts containing these notes are still extant but unpublished.”

• cites Börang kyongjong mentsikhang (ed.) 2006, p. 131Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Dzungar Mongols occupied Central Tibet.

“At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Dzungar Mongols occupied Central Tibet.”

May combine two claims.

He found several texts at the Derge printing house and later some others at unnamed localities.

“He found several texts at the printing house in Derge and later some others at unnamed localities.88”

• cites [88]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 1838, Kongtrül Yönten Gyatso stayed at Karmagön monastery where he made preparations for producing the Major Black Precious Pill.

“In 1838, he stayed at Karmagön monastery (Karma dgon) where he made the preparations for producing the 'Major Black Precious Pill' (Rin chen ril nag chen mo).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Kongtrül Yönten Gyatso, Jamyang Khyentsé Wangpo, and Mipam Namgyel Gyatso all practised as physicians and wrote medical treatises.

“They all practised as physicians and wrote medical treatises.”

May combine two claims.

In his autobiography, Situ Chökyi Jungné reports processing mercury and manufacturing pills under his supervision in 1767 in Derge and again in 1770 in the same region.

“In his autobiography he reports in great detail on the processing of mercury and the manufacturing of pills, both of which were conducted under his supervision in 1767 in Derge and again in 1770 in the same region.”

• cites Si tu rang thar 544/4-548/1, 623/5-626/1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 1871, Pünrapa Tsering Penden, governor of Nyarong, wished to repeat the mercury refining and summoned Kongtrül to Dzongsar monastery to preside over a long life ritual for Khyentsé Wangpo.

“Thirty-three years later, in 1871, Pünrapa Tsering Penden (Phun rab pa Tshe ring dpal ldan), the governor of Nyarong (Nyag rong), wished to repeat it and summoned Kongtrül to Dzongsar monastery (Rdzong sar) to preside over a ritual for long life (zhabs brtan) for Khyentsé Wangpo.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Thirteenth Dalai Lama Tupten Gyatso took a strong interest in reforming Tibet and its institutions, including the Chakpori medical college.

“It is well known that the Thirteenth Dalai Lama, Tupten Gyatso (Thub bstan rgya mtsho, 1876-1933), took a strong interest in reforming Tibet and its institutions.This also included the Chakpori medical college.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Darmo Menrampa Lozang Chödrak took notes on mercury purification and specific medicines, but the exact date of these notes remains to be established.

“It is known that Darmo Menrampa Lozang Chödrak took notes on the purification of mercury and on specific medicines, but the date of exactly when he did this still has to be established.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

The doctors and assistants in the 1977 event included Tendzin Chödrak, Tupten Shakya, Jamyang Lhündrup, Rindzin Wangyel, Yeshé Dorjé, Tségyel, Ngakwang Gyamtso, and others.

“The doctors and assistants were Tendzin Chödrak, Tupten Shakya (Thub bstan shakya), Jamyang Lhündrup ('Jam dbyangs lhun grub), Rindzin Wangyel (Rig 'dzin dbang rgyal), Yeshé Dorjé (Ye shes rdo rje), Tségyel (Tshe rgyal), Ngakwang Gyamtso (Ngag dbang rgya mtsho), and others.”

May combine two claims.

In 1995, the Tibetan clinic in Jomda County of Chamdo Prefecture together with Troru monastery made 37.5 kg and prepared pills such as Tarima Pills.

“In 1995, the Tibetan clinic in Jomda County of the Chamdo Prefecture together with the Troru monastery (Khro ru dgon) made 37.5 kg and prepared some pills such as Tarima Pills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Trekhang Jampa Thupwang accompanied the Thirteenth Dalai Lama on his travels and later became head of the Mentsikhang, which was founded in 1916.

“Trekhang Jampa Thupwang also accompanied the Thirteenth Dalai Lama on his travels and later became head of the Mentsikhang, founded in 1916.”

May combine two claims.

The funding for a mercury refining event included 550 ounces from the central government and 220 ounces from the Tengyeling Labrang, the residence of the Demo regent and his incarnation line.

“total amount, 550 ounces came from the central government and 220 ounces from the Tengyeling Labrang (Bstan rgyas gling Bla brang), the residence of the Demo regent and his incarnation line.”

• cites [82]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The actual procedure was carried out at Lhalu garden behind the Potala palace by the Dalai Lama's personal physician Lamenpa Jamyang Zhenpen and other named doctors and all monks of Chakpori medical college.

“The actual procedure was carried out at Lhalu garden (Lha klu dga' tshal) behind the Potala palace by the Dalai Lama's personal physician Lamenpa Jamyang Zhenpen (Bla sman pa 'Jam dbyangs gzhan phan), alias Lamen Khenpo Lozang Zhenpen Wangpo”

May combine two claims.

In 1872, Kongtrül travelled to Rigyel Ganden Künkhyap fortress where the refining process began on the first day of the third Tibetan month.

“In the following year, 1872, Kongtrül travelled to Rigyel Ganden Künkhyap fortress (Ri rgyal dga' ldan kun khyab rdzong) where the refining process began on the first day of the third Tibetan month.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Gelukpa had no significant medical school of their own until that time.

“The Gelukpa had no significant medical school of their own until then.”

May combine two claims.

Troru Tsenam knew that only a few doctors, past or present, had mastered this technique in Tibet and that this knowledge was not wide-spread.

“Troru Tsenam knew that only a few doctors, either past or present, had mastered this technique in Tibet and that this knowledge was not wide-spread.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although all rare ingredients were procured, the major refinement of mercury did not take place, probably because of the Dalai Lama's premature death.

“But even though they successfully procured all rare ingredients needed, such as diamonds, the major refinement of mercury did not take place; it was probably prevented by the premature death of the Dalai Lama.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

After Mao's death, most physicians were rehabilitated and asked to practise again.

“After Mao's death, however, most physicians were rehabilitated and asked to practise again.”

May combine two claims.

An important detailed treatise based on Situ Chökyi Jungné's oral instruction on refining mercury is extant and was written by Gurupel, a close pupil of Situ and a doctor of the Derge kingdom.

“Fortunately, an important and detailed treatise that is based on his oral instruction on refining mercury is extant.62It was written by Gurupel (Gu ru 'phel), a close pupil of Situ Chökyi Jungné and a doctor of the Derge kingdom.”

May combine two claims.

In the sixth month of that year, the clinic of Gannan prefecture in Gansu province produced 50 kg and prepared precious pills such as Major Black Pills and Wish-fulfilling Jewels.

“In the sixth month, the clinic of Gannan prefecture in Gansu province produced 50 kg and prepared precious pills such as Major Black Pills and Wish-fulfilling Jewels.”

May combine two claims.

Pünrapa requested Khyentsé Wangpo to direct an extensive purification process, but Khyentsé refused and recommended Kongtrül Yönten Gyatso as the only person with the expertise.

“On this occasion, Pünrapa requested Khyentsé Wangpo to direct an extensive purification process, but he refused and recommended Kongtrül Yönten Gyatso instead as the only person who had the expertise to do it.”

May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tenzin Gyatso's treatise is still extant and provides valuable information about nineteenth-century mercury processing history and practices.

“His important treatise is still extant and offers precious insight into the history of processing mercury and the actual refinement practices of the nineteenth century.84”

• cites [84]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Khyenrap Norbu was Trekhang Jampa Thupwang's most important student and, as a teacher, shaped a generation of future doctors.

“His most important student was certainly Khyenrap Norbu (Mkhyen rab nor bu, 1883-1962), who as a teacher shaped a generation of future doctors.”

May combine two claims.

In 1754, the Seventh Dalai Lama Kelzang Gyatso planned to manufacture jewel pills at Chakpori and gave orders for preparations.

“In the meantime, in Central Tibet in 1754, the Seventh Dalai Lama Kelzang Gyatso (Bskal bzang rgya mtsho, 1708-57) had plans for the manufacturing of jewel pills, such as the 'Precious Hot Compound and the Precious Cold Compound' (Rin chen ril bu tsha grang) at Chakpori college and gave orders for making preparations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

He returned to Powo to start the processing anew.

“He returned to Powo to start the processing anew.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Troru Tsenam felt his experience and knowledge were insufficient to conduct such a highly complicated procedure.

“but he still felt that his experience and knowledge were not enough to conduct such a highly complicated”

May combine two claims.

At about the same time, Yutok Yönten Gönpo offers a more complicated process involving several alchemical stages, but this does not yet represent the highly sophisticated procedure known today.

“At about the same time, Yutok Yönten Gönpo offers a more complicated process involving several alchemical stages, but this clearly does not yet represent the highly sophisticated procedure that is known today.”

May combine two claims.

Two major lines of transmission issued from it: one in eastern Tibet, mainly handed down by doctors of Kagyüpa schools; the other remained in Central Tibet, practised by followers of Gelukpa school.

“Two major lines of transmission issued from it: one can be located in eastern Tibet, which was mainly handed down by doctors of the Kagyüpa schools, and the other one remained in Central Tibet, practised by followers of the Gelukpa school.”

May combine two claims.

The mercury processing described by Yutok Yönten Gönpo is more complex than that in the Royal Treasury but much less complicated than the sophisticated process used today to detoxify mercury.

“The processing is quite brief.It is more complex than what is explained in the Royal Treasury, but much less complicated when compared to the sophisticated process that is applied today to detoxify mercury.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The high importance given to jewel pills is evident from brief descriptions of their healing potential in these sources.

“The high importance given to the jewel pills is evident from the brief descriptions of their healing potential stated in these sources.”

May combine two claims.

The transmission of this specialised knowledge to eastern Tibet proved crucial for the future, because it was in that region that the knowledge flourished and was preserved.

“This proved to be of crucial importance for the future, since it was in this very region where this specialised knowledge flourished and was preserved.”

May combine two claims.

The efforts of Rinchen Gyatso helped preserve the knowledge of refining mercury, and his work became very important for later medical writings on mercury.

“The efforts shown by Rinchen Gyatso helped tremendously to preserve the knowledge of refining mercury, and his work became very important for later medical writings on mercury.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The alchemical technology brought back by Orgyenpa Rinchenpel also spread to other places in Tibet where medicine was practised, such as Sakya where the Drangti medical school was flourishing.

“It seems that the alchemical technology brought back by Orgyenpa Rinchenpel also spread to other places in Tibet where medicine was practised, such as in Sakya where the Drangti medical school was flourishing.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The monastery of Sakya probably had a thriving medical school in its precincts.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This 1996 publication might be seen in the context of a large-scale mercury processing event in 1997.

“Perhaps this publication should be seen in the context of a large-scale mercury processing event that took place in 1997.92”

• cites [92]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The public mercury processing and jewel pills manufacturing of 1872 was a major event for the development of Tibetan medicine and for the religious and political life of that time.

“The public mercury processing and jewel pills manufacturing of 1872 was undoubtedly a major event not just for the development of Tibetan medicine but also for the religious and political life of that time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The overall political and intellectual progress in Tibet during the nineteenth century lay in eastern Tibet, as did the future of Tibetan medicine and the practice of refining mercury.

“The overall political and intellectual progress in Tibet during the nineteenth century lay in eastern Tibet, as did the future of Tibetan medicine, as well as the practice of refining mercury.”

May combine two claims.

A living tradition of mercury processing existed in eastern Tibet in the eighteenth century and continued into the next century.

“It is evident that a living tradition of mercury processing existed in the eighteenth century in eastern Tibet.It continued into the next century.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The controversy over mercury refining was part of the power struggle between the Gelukpa and Kagyüpa schools, which ended with Gelukpa victory and their rule in Central Tibet until the mid-twentieth century.

“Surely, one has to see this controversy as part of the power struggle between the Gelukpa and Kagyüpa schools that ended with a victory of the former and their continuous subsequent rule in Central Tibet up until the midtwentieth century.”

May combine two claims.

Finding these texts enabled him to repeat his previous attempt to process mercury and improve it considerably.

“This enabled him to repeat his previous attempt to process mercury and to improve it considerably.”

May combine two claims.

The situation fully changed with unprecedented techniques introduced by Orgyenpa Rinchenpel in the early thirteenth century, an important turning-point in Tibetan medicine.

“This situation fully changed with the unprecedented techniques introduced by Orgyenpa Rinchenpel in the early thirteenth century, an important turning-point in Tibetan medicine.”

May combine two claims.

Orgyenpa Rinchenpel's innovative procedure soon spread to medical centres in Central Tibet and had a lasting influence, culminating in works of Drongtsé Lhasé Rinchen Gyatso and Nyamnyi Dorjé in following centuries.

“His innovative procedure soon spread to medical centres in Central Tibet and had a lasting influence, culminating in the works of Drongtsé Lhasé Rinchen Gyatso and Nyamnyi Dorjé in the following centuries.”