The Administration of Tibetan Precious Pills

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tekchok states that in disorders of the three defaults-wind, bile, and phlegm-alone or in combination, the physician should avoid sour potions that gather illness and instead give potions such as Norbu Düntang, Trindrel Dazer, and Tangchen-25 for up to eight days.

“He stresses that, in the case of disorders of three ‘defaults’ (nyes pa)—namely ‘wind’ (rlung), ‘bile’ (mkhris pa), and ‘phlegm’ (bad kan)—‘alone or in combination of two or of all three’ (rkyang ldan ’dus gsum), the physician should abstain from prescribing sour ‘potions that would gather the illness’ (sdud thang), for such potions would be difficult to neutralise, and instead should give potions”

• cites [46] Kloos, 2010, ‘Tibetan Medicine in Exile: The Ethics, Politics and Science of Cultural Survival’Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok agrees with Khyentsé Wangpo.

“Orgyen Tekchok agrees with Khyentsé Wangpo.”

• cites [55] Mythrey, 2012, ‘Water: The Elixir of Life’, International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy sourceCould not verify

  The paper’s “Assessing the quality of Water” section (pp. 1–2) discusses Ayurvedic descriptions of water, not the views of Orgyen Tekchok or Khyentsé Wangpo. Searches for both names and their alleged agreement found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that the doctor should mix a full spoon of ground copper powder with butter and rub it firmly on the patient's body, because without copper powder sweat will not appear.

“Next the doctor should mix a full spoon of grinded copper powder with butter and rub it firmly on the body of the patient. This should be done because, if copper powder is not applied, sweat will not appear on the body.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok states that his Practice of Administering Jewel Pills records an oral tradition written down for the first time.

“He stresses this fact at the beginning of his Practice of Administering Jewel Pills by pointing out that it represents an oral tradition that he had written down for the first time.”

• cites [20] Das, 1902Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The colophon of Tendzin Püntsok's treatise does not give a date but names the Dharma King of Nangchen and his personal physician as those who requested it.

“The colophon does not provide a date for the composition of the text, but mentions only the persons who entreated him to write the work—namely the Dharma King of Nangchen (Nang chen chos rgyal) and his personal physician (bla sman).”

• cites [15] Craig, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that the doctor should give the patient a dose of bear's bile with clarified butter to drink quickly, which closes and firms the channels.

“Then the doctor should give the patient a dose of bear’s bile along with clarified butter, which is to be drunk quickly like a cup of tea. In doing so, the ‘channels’ will be closed and made firm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that after a period lasting as long as drinking a cup of tea, the patient should take a dose of broth made from fine meat.

“After a period of time that lasts as long as it would take to drink a cup of tea, the patient should take a dose (thun) of broth made from fine meat.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Binding the Hair ritual primarily aims to neutralise poison and is said to draw poison out through the channels that the precious pills will enter.

“This ritual primarily aims to neutralise the strength of any poison; it is said to draw out the poison through the pathways of the ‘channels’ (rtsa)—the same pathways that the formula, the precious pills, will enter.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok's treatise is an early work that already displays features found in later works on the same subject.

“It represents an early treatise that already shows features encountered in later works on this subject.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that after the altar is finished, the doctor, patient, and assistants should make prostrations and offerings with knees down and palms together, and a spiritual master should conduct the ensuing ritual.

“After the altar is finished the doctor—together with the patient and the assistants—should make prostrations and offerings, with knees down and palms together. A spiritual master should then conduct the ensuing ritual.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok prescribes a hierarchy of qualified administrators for precious pills: ideally an expert in compounding such pills; if unavailable, a fully ordained monk who kept vows and abstained from meat, beer, and onions; if impossible, a male nurse or someone trained in giving drugs; if all fail, a pious girl born in a tiger year untainted by sex.

“he notes that it would be best if the pills are administered by one who is expert in the compounding of such precious pills. If such an expert is not available, however, the option of medium quality refers to a fully ordained monk who has kept his vows and abstained from meat, beer, and onions prior to administering the pills. If this too is impossible, the lesser option refers to a male nurse, or”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to Tendzin Püntsok, Seru-4 pills ensure that the disease is brought together, made apparent, and that the channels remain open.

“This drug will ensure that the disease is brought together, made apparent, and that the ‘channels’ remain open.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that the doctor should choose a quiet, auspicious dwelling place blessed by buddhas or previous teachers, oriented east, and swept clean.

“Tendzin Püntsok writes that the doctor should choose a dwelling place such as a house or a hut in a quiet, auspicious spot that is blessed by buddhas or previous teachers. The dwelling place should be orientated towards the east, and it should be swept clean.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that early in the morning before dawn, the physician should take refuge, cultivate the resolve to attain enlightenment out of compassion, and ask the spiritual master for fumigation and libation rituals.

“Early in the morning before dawn (tho rangs), the physician should take refuge and cultivate the resolve to attain enlightenment out of compassion for all sentient beings, and ask the spiritual master for fumigation and libation rituals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Tendzin Püntsok prescribes an elaborate altar setup involving grain, vajra symbols, silk coverings, an alms bowl with rice, a cup of tea, the jewel pills, myrobalan fruits, and images of Bhaiṣajyarāja or Buddha Śākyamuni.

“Then one should put a porcelain cup or a goblet made of gold, silver, or bronze in this alms bowl. One is to fill this cup with a mouthful of good tea made from the pure decoction of little sprouts of tea leaves. Then one should put the jewel pills in the tea, making sure that they are not exposed to the sky.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that on the night before and at the next morning and noon, doctors should give three well-compounded Seru-4 pills to each patient.

“Then, that very night as well as the next morning and noon, the doctors should give three well-compounded Seru-4 pills (Bse ru bzhi tshad ldan ril bu) to each of the patients.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok explains that a set of rituals should be performed, beginning with the special teaching of the sage Puri, briefly known as 'Binding the Hair'.

“After these more general considerations, Tendzin Püntsok explains that a set of rituals should be performed, starting with the special teaching of the sage Puri, briefly known as ‘Binding the Hair’.”

• cites [21] Dawa (Zla ba), 1993Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok divides his work into four main parts: preliminary practices, main practices, concluding practices, and benefits and blessings.

“He divides his work into four main parts—namely, (1) the preliminary practices, (2) the main practices, (3) the concluding practices, and (4) the benefits and blessings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that three days before the event, one should follow instructions on gathering poison and request healing rituals, virtuous practices, empowerments, and blessings.

“Finally, three days prior to these events, one should follow the instructions regarding the gathering of poison and one should ask for healing rituals (rim gro), virtuous practices (dkar chos), empowerments, and blessings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok describes a meditative visualisation in which the practitioner appears as the Goddess of Medicine, White Ambrosia, holding a vajra and a medicine vase, and invites the Three Jewels and guardians.

“One should visualise that, out of the sphere of emptiness, one’s self appears in a moment as the beautiful Goddess of Medicine, White Ambrosia (Sman gyi lha mo Bdud rtsi ma dkar mo), who is adorned with the sambhogakāya ornaments and the major and minor marks. She holds a vajra in her right hand that destroys the demons that cause interruptions and obstacles. In her left hand, she holds a medicine”

• cites [24] 1995–7Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that at midnight the patient should eat a restricted diet, and as the first half of the night falls, take a full cup of boiled potion made from three spoons of pepper.

“At midnight, the patient should eat a restricted diet. As the first half of the night falls the patient should take a full cup of a boiled potion made from three spoons of pepper (g.yer ma).”

• cites [29] Gardner, 1866, ‘Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo’, Treasury of LivesNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok states that it is important that all three participants are dharma brothers with whom one has had pure connections in the past.

“It is important that all three participants are dharma brothers with whom one has had pure connections in the past.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that after the preliminaries and the first Seru-4 dose, all participants-doctor, patient, and assistants-should wash, put on new clothes, and remain pure and orderly.

“After the last step of the preliminaries and the patient has received his first batch of Seru-4 pills, all of the participants—the doctor, patient, and assistants—should wash, put on new clothes, and stay pure and orderly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok states that sick persons, especially in case of poisoning, should first be given Seru-4 pills.

“Sick persons, especially in case of poisoning, should first be given Seru-4 pills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All other doctors whose treatises are examined in the article recommend the same basic method of pepper potion to open channels and bear bile butter to close them.

“This same basic method of giving pepper potion to open the ‘channels’ and bear bile butter to close them is recommended by all other doctors whose treatises are examined in this article.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tekchok states that the physician should pay attention to particular days of the month: days when serpent-like spirits and the eight classes of spirits gather are good, but one should avoid days when they repel.

“Moreover, the physician should pay attention to particular days of the month—days when the ‘serpent-like spirits’ (klu) and the ‘eight classes of spirits’ (sde brgyad) gather are good, but one should avoid days when they repel.”

• cites [44] Nyima (Skal ldan nyi ma), 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Tendzin Püntsok, a boiled pepper potion opens the channels, as Nyamnyi Dorjé instructs for Seru-4 pills.

“According to Tendzin Püntsok, the opening of the ‘channels’ is to be achieved by means of a potion of boiled pepper, as is instructed by Nyamnyi Dorjé for Seru-4 pills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok is the only doctor to recommend the butter and copper powder method.

“but he is the only doctor to recommend this method.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Later authors introduce a distinction, not addressed by Tendzin Püntsok, between ill and healthy persons to whom precious pills can be given.

“Interestingly, the remaining authors introduce a notion that is not addressed by Tendzin Püntsok, one that concerns the distinction between ill and healthy persons to whom the precious pills can be given.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso states that for a healthy person, the physician should administer pills according to an auspicious time and date, especially in the first two weeks of the three winter months and generally early in the morning before dawn.

“Otherwise, in the case of a healthy person, the physician should administer the pills in accordance with the rise of an auspicious time in conjunction with an auspicious date, especially in the first two weeks of the three winter months and, in general, early in the morning before dawn (tho rengs).”

• cites [37] Namgyal, 1990Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that the patient should avoid shivering, lepers, corpses of murder victims, and persons born from incestuous relations, and should not be treated with purgative therapy, emetic therapy, bloodletting, or intoxicating drugs.

“The patient should be careful to avoid shivering, lepers, the corpses of murder victims (gri ro), and persons born from incestual relations. Furthermore, the patient should not be treated with purgative therapy, emetic therapy, bloodletting, or intoxicating drugs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok does not mention potential side-effects such as vomiting and diarrhoea.

“He also does not mention anything regarding potential side-effects, such as vomiting and diarrhoea.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Nyamnyi Dorjé states that the night before taking Seru-4 pills, the patient must drink a cupful of pepper potion to open the channels, then take the pills before dawn and drink melted butter with bear's bile at dawn to close the channels.

“Nyamnyi Dorjé explains that the night before taking the pills, the patient has to drink a cupful of a ‘pepper potion’ (g.yer chu) to open the ‘channels’. Then he should take the pills in the early morning before dawn and drink melted butter with bear’s bile at dawn; the latter being given to make sure the ‘channels’ will close.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Nyamnyi Dorjé states that if the regimen causes vomiting and diarrhoea, the patient has been poisoned; if it is digested without difficulty, the illness is caused by something other than poisoning.

“If regimen is given and the patient experiences vomiting and diarrhoea, the patient has been poisoned. If the regimen is digested without any difficulties, there is no doubt that the illness has been caused some disease other than poisoning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karma Ngedön, Yeshé Gyatso, Khyentsé Wangpo, and Orgyen Tekchok prefer wrapping the patient in very warm clothes.

“Others, like Karma Ngedön Tendzin Trinlé Rapgyé, Yeshé Gyatso, Khyentsé Wangpo, and Orgyen Tekchok, prefer to wrap the patient in very warm clothes.”

• cites [61] Ryavec, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The instructions differ only in the amount of pepper for the potion and when the patient should start drinking it.

“These instructions only differ regarding how much pepper should be used for the potion, and when the patient should start to drink it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok states that the jewel pills cure disorders of wind, bile, and phlegm and their combinations, as well as many named conditions including swellings, leprosy, ulcers, infectious diseases, and poisoning.

“The benefits for those who rely on these jewel pills while keeping the rules is immense: this therapy cures disorders of ‘wind’, ‘bile’, and ‘phlegm’, and their combinations, ‘swellings’ (skran), ‘sin-disease affecting the teeth’ (so srin), ‘different kinds of dropsy’ (dmu ’or skya rbab), ‘leprosy’ (mdze), ‘ulcers’ (’bras ), ‘a certain kind of skin disease’ (surya), ‘infectious diseases’ (gnyan),”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that the physician should give the pills at night, the next morning, and at noon the following day.

“he even mentions that the physician should give them at night, the next morning, and at noon the following day.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok states that precious pills can be used as amulets, wrapped in five-coloured silk and placed in a container of gold, silver, or copper, to protect the bearer from many spirits and harms.

“Then Tendzin Püntsok presents another important aspect of precious pills: they can be used as amulets. One should wrap the jewel pills in five-coloured silk and insert them into an amulet container made of gold, silver, or copper. Thus spirits of all kinds will not harm the bearer”

May combine two claims.

Despite general agreement on using a pepper potion to open channels before precious pill administration, Tibetan doctors disagreed about the timing and quantity of pepper.

“Thus, despite general agreement regarding the use of a pepper potion for opening the ‘channels’ of the patient prior to the administration of the precious pill, it is evident that Tibetan doctors disagreed regarding the timing and quantity of pepper to be used in the potion”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok's concluding practices give instructions on the patient's diet and lifestyle.

“This final instruction passes into the third larger section that deals with the concluding practices, giving information about the diet and lifestyle of the patient.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Nyamnyi Dorjé states that Seru-4 is especially beneficial for poisoning and can be used to diagnose whether or not one is poisoned.

“Nyamnyi Dorjé states that this remedy is especially beneficial for poisoning, and it can indeed be employed to diagnose whether or not one is poisoned.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok notes only that three days before the night of pill administration, the physician should follow instructions for gathering the poison.

“On this point, Tendzin Püntsok just notes that three days prior to the night when the pills will be administered, the physician should follow the instructions for gathering the poison”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Yeshé Gyatso instructs combining a barley-grain-sized piece of bear's bile with a wet-bean-sized slice of white butter, rolling into a pill, and giving it to the patient.

“Yeshé Gyatso notes that the physician should combine a piece of bear’s bile that is the size of a grain of barley with a slice of white butter that is the size of a wet bean, roll them into a pill, and give it to the patient.”

• cites [58] Perdue, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok admits that some dietary and lifestyle rules are not very practical and therefore not so important, but stresses that one should definitely abstain from onions, garlic, pork, and cheese, and guard against defilement from a drain pipe, ladder, dog, rat, fire, and big river for one month.

“As Tendzin Püntsok admits, some of the rules concerning diet and lifestyle are not very practical and, therefore, not so important. He stresses that one should definitely abstain from eating onions, garlic, pork, and cheese, and guard against defilement caused by the lower part of a drain pipe on a roof, the lower part of a ladder, a dog, a rat, a fire, and a big river for one month.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok recommends rubbing the patient with a mixture of butter and copper powder to induce sweating.

“Tendzin Püntsok recommends that the physician rubs the patient with a mixture of butter and copper powder in order to induce sweating”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

After the drug is taken, the channels must be closed again.

“after the drug has been taken, the pathways need to be closed again.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Once sweating stops, the physician should scrape dirt from the patient's skin with pale parched barley flour.

“and once it has stopped, the physician should scrape the dirt from the patient’s skin with pale parched barley flour.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Chökyi Drakpa notes that the butter should be from a female yak.

“Chökyi Drakpa notes that the butter should be the butter of the female yak (’bri).”

• cites [57] Arya, 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok states that a clay water vessel filled with warm tea should be bound below the patient's breast before wrapping in warm clothes.

“Orgyen Tekchok even states that the physician should bind a clay water vessel filled with warm tea below the breast of the patient before he is wrapped in warm clothes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that the patient should avoid cheese, meat between the ribs, the membrane covering the ribs, and the shoulder cartilage of any animal.

“The patient should also try to avoid cheese, the meat between the ribs, the membrane covering the ribs (rtsib shun), and the shoulder cartilage of any animal.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok states that if a patient follows the rules and achieves all favourable circumstances, the jewel pills remain in the body for one year; with medium circumstances, half a year; with low quality, four months; and with no favourable circumstances, no longer than one month.

“Furthermore, Tendzin Püntsok explains that, if a patient has followed the rules explained above and achieved all favourable circumstances (rten ’brel), the jewel pills will remain in his body for one year. If the circumstances are of medium quality, they will remain for half a year. If they are of low quality, they will only last for four months. If there are no favourable circumstances, however,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Chökyi Drakpa specifies 21 peppercorns for a potion taken the night before precious pills are administered.

“Chökyi Drakpa speaks of 21 peppercorns for a potion that is to be taken the night before the precious pills are administered.”

• cites [51] Lobsang Dolma, 1990Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok writes that these measures are to make the patient sweat profusely.

“He also writes that all this should be done to make sure that the patient sweats profusely.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo holds that the potion should be made from 21 peppercorns.

“but is of the opinion that it should be made from 21 peppercorns.”

• cites [54] Mills, 2005, ‘Living in Time’s Shadow: Pollution, Purification and Fractured Temporalities in Buddhist Ladakh’Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In precious pill instructions, the channels must be opened before administration so the pills can reach the poison.

“Prior to the administration of precious pills, the pathways of the ‘channels’ need to be opened so that the pills can move to where the poison is”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that the patient should consume food gradually and constantly, while avoiding bitter, salty, rotten, putrid foods, aromatic fruits and vegetables, fish, pork, eggs, wheat, peas, sour beer, common sea-buckthorn, peaches, apricots, walnuts, onions, and garlic.

“firstly, Tendzin Püntsok writes that a patient should consume food gradually and constantly, but there are also numerous restrictions. One should avoid bitter, salty, rotten, and putrid foods, aromatic fruits and vegetables, fish, pork and eggs, wheat, peas and sour beer, common sea-buckthorn (star bu), peaches and apricots, walnuts, onions and garlic.”

• cites [32] Gerke, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok notes these potions should be administered for up to eight days.

“He notes that they should be administered for up to eight days.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo instructs combining bear's bile and one portion of saffron with strained fresh melted butter.

“Khyentsé Wangpo writes that the physician should combine bear’s bile and one portion of saffron (gur kum alias gur gum) together with strained fresh melted butter.”

• cites [59] Prost, 2008Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok, unlike Nyamnyi Dorjé, does not advise giving other remedies before or after Seru-4 pills.

“Firstly, unlike Nyamnyi Dorjé, Tendzin Püntsok does not recommend other remedies to be given before and after the administration of the Seru-4 pills”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All authors agree that after the patient takes precious pills, closing the channels is achieved by giving bear's bile with strained butter.

“Although all authors agree that, after the patient has taken the precious pills, the closing of the ‘channels’ is to be achieved by giving a portion of bear’s bile together with strained butter”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso agrees with Karma Ngedön on the number of peppercorns.

“Yeshé Gyatso agrees with Karma Ngedön Tendzin Trinlé Rapgyé on the number of peppercorns”

• cites [53] Luo, 1997Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tekchok is the only author besides Tendzin Püntsok who comments on the quality of water and its effect on the quality of pills, and he repeats Tendzin Püntsok's views.

“Orgyen Tekchok is also the only author beside Tendzin Püntsok who comments on the quality of the water and its effect on the quality of pills. In this regard, he repeats the views of Tendzin Püntsok.”

• cites [45] Kletter, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Nyamnyi Dorjé states that this regimen should be repeated daily for up to a fortnight, and side-effects may include vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain.

“This regimen should be repeated daily for up to a fortnight. Side-effects may include vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu writes that the potion should consist of six peppercorns.

“Khyenrap Norbu writes that the potion should consist of six peppercorns”

• cites [56] Parfionovitch, 1992Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok states that if the patient does not abstain from what should be rejected, he will vomit or become exhausted.

“Even worse, if the patient does not succeed in abstaining from that which should be rejected, he will vomit or become exhausted.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If wrapping shows no results, warm tea with butter and salt or tea with impure soda can be given to drink.

“Sometimes, if the wrapping shows no results, a cup of warm tea with butter and salt, or a cup of tea with impure soda can be given to drink.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Warming or perspiration in the jewel pill regimen occurs after pills are given but before channels are closed.

“Another important aspect of the jewel pill regimen—warming or perspiration—takes place after the pills have been given, but before the ‘channels’ have been closed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karma Ngedön Tendzin Trinlé Rapgyé writes that a potion of seven peppercorns should be taken for three days.

“Karma Ngedön Tendzin Trinlé Rapgyé writes that a potion of seven peppercorns should be taken for three days.”

• cites [52] Lobsang Dolma, 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok, like Nyamnyi Dorjé, recommends clarified butter with bear's bile after precious pills are taken.

“Like Nyamnyi Dorjé, Tendzin Püntsok also recommends clarified butter with bear’s bile to be given after the precious pills have been taken.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that one should not apply purgative therapy, emetic therapy, or bloodletting for up to three months, and that remaining dietary, behavioural, and therapeutic rules should be followed forever, for three years, or at least for one year.

“Similiarly, one should not apply any purgative therapy, emetic therapy, nor bloodletting for up to three months. Regarding the remaining dietary, behavioural, and therapeutic rules, the patient should follow them forever—which would be best—for three years—the medium choice—or at least for one year—the lesser option.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tekchok states that if a doctor intends to administer jewel pills to a person with no illness, he must first clean the patient's stomach with a mild laxative, give drugs preventing semen emission, avoid anything causing perspiration, and have the patient rely on nutritious foods and medicinal herbs.

“If a doctor intends to administer jewel pills to a person who has no illness, he has to clean the patient’s stomach first by prescribing a mild laxative. He also should give drugs that prevent the emission of semen and avoid prescribing anything that might cause perspiration. The healthy patient should rely on a diet of nutritious foods and medicinal herbs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok states that if one has jewel pills in one's stomach, they will seal the gates to a bad rebirth and one will obtain a vajra body and ordinary accomplishments by progressing along the stages of the path.

“finally, if one has jewel pills in one’s stomach, they will seal the gates to a bad rebirth, and one will obtain a vajra body as well as some ordinary accomplishments by gradually proceeding along the stages of the path.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok gives no further details on gathering the poison.

“and then gives no further details.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu writes that the patient should drink the potion in six full gulps.

“and the patient should drink it in six full gulps.”

• cites [56] Parfionovitch, 1992Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karma Ngedön recommends a suitable medicinal potion that gathers illness or poison be taken for eight days.

“Karma Ngedön Tendzin Trinlé Rapgyé, in which he recommends that a suitable medicinal potion that gathers the illness or poison should be taken for eight days.”

• cites [63] Sabernig, 2011, ‘The Substitution of Rare Ingredients in Traditional Tibetan Medicine on the Basis of Classical Tibetan Texts, their Use in Modern Formularies, and a Case Study from Amdo/Qinghai’, CurareNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that the patient should avoid defilement or physical danger such as stepping over the lower part of a drain pipe on a roof, the lower part of a ladder, a woman, a rat, or a dog, and must not cross a fire or a big river, walk barefoot, or sleep during the day.

“Furthermore the patient should take heed of specific admonitions against defilement or physical danger—such as stepping over the lower part of a drain pipe on a roof, the lower part of a ladder, a woman, a rat, or a dog. One also must not cross a fire or a big river, walk with bare feet, or sleep during the day.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok, who used Tendzin Püntsok's treatise as an important source, prescribes potions such as Norbu Düntang, Trindrel Dazer, and Tangchen-25.

“Orgyen Tekchok, who used Tendzin Püntsok’s treatise as an important source for his own work, prescribes the potions mentioned above, such as the Norbu Düntang, Trindrel Dazer, Tangchen-25, and so on.”

• cites [62] Sa, 2011, ‘Purity and Fortune in Phug sde Village Rituals’, Asian Highlands PerspectivesNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok states that according to another tradition, the physician should give drugs at an auspicious time on Thursday, Wednesday, or Monday during daybreak.

“According to another tradition, the physician should give the drugs at an auspicious time on Thursday, Wednesday, or Monday during daybreak.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu holds a similar view to Yeshé Gyatso on administering pills to ill and healthy persons.

“Khyenrap Norbu holds a similar view.”

• cites [38] Heissig, 1971Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso prescribes that the potion be taken for only one night.

“but prescribes that the potion should be taken for only one night.”

• cites [53] Luo, 1997Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nyamnyi Dorjé states that depending on which viscera is affected by poison, the physician may need to add other ingredients to Seru-4 pills during therapy.

“depending on which viscera (heart, liver, or kidneys) is affected by the poison, the physician may need to add other ingredients to the Seru-4 pills during the therapy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok gives two instructions that bring illness or poison together, make it rise, and open the channels: the Binding the Hair ritual and the administration of Seru-4 pills.

“As mentioned in the description above, Tendzin Püntsok gives two instructions that, according to him, bring the illness or the poison together, make it rise, and open the ‘channels’—these consist of the special ritual briefly known as Binding the Hair and the administration of Seru-4 pills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok stresses that weak drinking water makes the healing potential of the drug weak, while spring water with the eight qualities increases the strength of a formula.

“He stresses that if the drinking water is weak, the healing potential of the drug will be weak, but if spring water with the eight qualities is used, it will increase the strength of a formula.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok instructs that the patient should abstain from strenuous work or behaviour that makes one sweat, and from horse racing, sleeping with women, or sleeping upside down.

“He should abstain from work or any behaviour that is very strenuous and makes one sweat. He should also refrain from horse racing, sleeping with women, or sleeping upside down.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok, unlike Tendzin Püntsok and more like other authors, explicitly discusses distinct approaches to giving precious pills to sick and healthy persons.

“Unlike Tendzin Püntsok, however, and more like the other authors, he explicitely discusses the distinct approaches to giving precious pills to sick and healthy persons.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is general agreement on a threefold therapy: opening channels so the drug can enter, keeping them open by warming, and closing them.

“Despite general agreement regarding this threefold therapy—the opening of the ‘channels’ so that the drug can effectively enter the body, making sure they remain open by warming the body, and finally closing the ‘channels’”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

After sweating begins, the physician should repeatedly wipe it away with cotton or wool.

“After the patient begins to sweat, the physician should repeatedly wipe it away with a piece of cotton or wool”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok recommends three spoonfuls for a potion taken at night.

“Tendzin Püntsok recommends three spoonfuls for a potion that is to be taken at night.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso states that if a person has a strong disease and the situation is dire, the physician should still administer jewel pills on that occasion.

“Yeshé Gyatso states that if a person has a strong disease and the situation is dire, the physician should still administer jewel pills on that occasion.”

• cites [37] Namgyal, 1990Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The basic scheme of opening and closing the 'channels' is also found in instructions for dispensing precious pills.

“Secondly, the basic scheme of opening and closing the ‘channels’ can be found in the instructions for the dispensation of precious pills as well.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo agrees the potion should be taken only once.

“Khyentsé Wangpo agrees that the potion should be taken only once”

• cites [54] Mills, 2005, ‘Living in Time’s Shadow: Pollution, Purification and Fractured Temporalities in Buddhist Ladakh’Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Details about gathering the poison or illness appear in other doctors' writings but not in Tendzin Püntsok's.

“details regarding the issue of gathering the poison or illness can be found in the writings of the other doctors but not in those of Tendzin Püntsok.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok notes a tradition of giving the patient a little good beer before and after the broth, and remarks that beer should be given if the patient is physically weakened by disease.

“As Tendzin Püntsok adds, there is also a tradition of giving the patient a little good beer both before and after the broth. He remarks that beer should be given if the patient is physically weakened by the disease, and it resembles giving a bribe to the ‘wind default’.”

• cites [31] Dorjé (Dga’ ba’i rdo rje), 1995Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu holds the same opinion as Khyentsé Wangpo on this combination.

“Khyenrap Norbu is of the same opinion.”

• cites [60] 1996Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok and Orgyen Tekchok are the only two authors who recommend Seru-4 pills; all other authors do not recommend them.

“These are the only two authors who recommend the use of these pills; all others do not recommend the use of Seru-4 pills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tekchok omits the Binding the Hair ritual but supports the administration of Seru-4 pills.

“Orgyen Tekchok, who used Tendzin Püntsok’s treatise extensively in composing his own treatise, omits this ritual but, as mentioned above, he also supports the administration of Seru-4 pills.”

• cites [47] Kloos, 2012, ‘Die Alchemie Exil-tibetischer Identität. Anmerkungen zur Pharmazeutischen und Politischen Wirksamkeit Tibetischer Pillen (Processing Exile-Tibetan Identity: The Alchemy of Tibetan Medicine’s Pharmaceutical and Political Efficacy)’, CurareNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For a sick person, Khyenrap Norbu says the fluid depends on the disease.

“but in the case of a sick person, it depends on the disease.”

• cites [71] Srikantha Murthy, 2004–5 [1992–7]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso instructs offering the second portion to ḍākas, ḍākinīs, dharmapālas, and pālas.

“He should offer the second portion to the ḍākas, ḍākinīs, dharmapālas, and pālas”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu instructs using boiled water for the methods of slipping poison or general annihilating poison.

“The physician should use boiled water to apply the methods of ‘slipping poison’ (’dred)72 or ‘general annihilating poison’ (spyi ’joms).”

• cites [72] Tenzin, 2007Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo instructs that when an auspicious time arises, the doctor should take the jewel pills and go to the patient's pillow.

“When an auspicious time arises, the doctor should take the jewel pills and go to the pillow where the patient is laying.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok instructs that at an auspicious time, the physician should take the pills with clean hands and wash them with his ring finger.

“At an auspicious time, the physician should take the pills with clean hands and wash them with his ring”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok instructs concluding these steps with recitation of Sanskrit vowels and consonants, Essence of Causation mantra, and a consecration ritual.

“These steps should be concluded with the recitation of the Sanskrit vowels and consonants, the Essence of Causation mantra, and a consecration ritual.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso instructs that during the third gulp, the physician imagine he has become a fortunate one who visibly possesses the four bodies and has generated kindness, compassion, and the aspiration to attain enlightenment.

“Finally, taking the third gulp, the physician should imagine that he has become a fortunate one who visibly possesses the four bodies (sku bzhi)—one who has generated kindness, compassion, and the aspiration to attain enlightenment in one’s mind-continuum.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tekchok instructs that early before dawn, the physician should again perform preliminaries such as taking refuge and arousing bodhicitta and ask a spiritual master for help with fumigation, libation, offerings, and praise to dharma protectors.

“Early in the morning before dawn, the physician should again peform the preliminaries—such as taking refuge and arousing bodhicitta—and ask a spiritual master for help with rituals of fumigation, libation, offerings and praise to the dharma protectors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Yeshé Gyatso instructs making three prostrations to an image of Buddha and putting the image on the mat.

“He should make three prostrations to an image of Buddha and then put the image on the mat as well.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok thinks the choice of tea or beer should depend on the nature of the illness.

“instead, he thinks that the use of tea or beer should depend on the nature of the illness”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso recommends boiled water instead of beer.

“and therefore recommends that the physician only use boiled water instead.”

• cites [68] Schuh, 2012a, Erdherrengeister (sa-bdag)Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok uses good tea made from a decoction of little tea-leaf sprouts.

“As outlined above, Tendzin Püntsok uses good tea made from the decoction of the little sprouts of tea leaves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu states strong beer should be used for a healthy person performing rejuvenation practices.

“Khyenrap Norbu states that one should use strong beer in the case of a healthy person who is performing rejuvenation practices”

• cites [71] Srikantha Murthy, 2004–5 [1992–7]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Yeshé Gyatso instructs imagining these defilements emerge as a blackish liquid from all sense doors and pores, after which the physician becomes stainless as a pearl.

“Because these sins and defilements have the appearance of ‘moisture in smoke’ (dud khu) and ‘liquid charcoal’ (sol khu), they emerge as a blackish liquid from all the sense doors and pores of the thin hairs on the skin. After this process, he will become as stainless as a pearl.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok does not mention the teaching Binding the Hair attributed to the sage Puri.

“but strangely enough he does not mention the teaching, Binding the Hair, attributed to the sage Puri.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso explains that after the altar is erected, the physician should arrange the five offerings of the five senses in front of it.

“Yeshé Gyatso explains that, after the altar has been erected, the physician should arrange the five offerings of the five senses in front of it.”

• cites [76] Khangkar, 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok addresses the ritual aspects of jewel pill dispensation.

“The ritual aspects of the dispensation of jewel pills are also addressed by Orgyen Tekchok.”

• cites [82] Yoeli-Tlalim, 2008, ‘Tibetan Medical Astrology’Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Karma Ngedön instructs cleaning the mortar with a sip of boiled water and giving this to the patient to drink.

“After doing so, the doctor should clean the mortar with a sip of boiled water and also give this to the patient to drink.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso instructs putting on a new garment as an auspicious omen for increased lifespan and religious merit.

“As an auspicious omen (rten ’brel) to achieve an increased lifespan and religious merit, the physician should put on a new garment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso instructs imagining the solution cleanses general sins and defilements from beginningless time, especially those causing misfortune, obstructions, disease spirits, and karmic propensities.

“Moreover, he should imagine that it will cleanse the general sins and defilements accumulated from beginningless time—especially all the sins and defilements that cause misfortune and obstructions, as well as the spirits that cause diseases, and ‘karmic propensities’ (bag chags).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karma Ngedön instructs reciting many dhāraṇīs, mantras, and verses of praise with visualisation, devotion, and compassion.

“With special visualisation, devotion, and an attitude and behaviour of compassion, the physician should recite many dhāraṇīs, mantras, and verses of praise.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo notes the physician should give Tangchen-25 for only three or four days before precious pills.

“but he notes that the physician should only give it for three or four days prior to the actual administration of the precious pills.”

• cites [64] Sachs, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tekchok mentions both tea and beer but does not decide in favour of either.

“Orgyen Tekchok mentions the use of both tea and beer, but does not make a decision in favour of either”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karma Ngedön states that for a brief ritual, one should conduct a ritual from the Treasury of Evocation Ritual Accomplishments.

“If the physician wants to only perform a brief ritual, he should conduct a ritual from the Treasury of Evocation Ritual Accomplishments (Sgrub thabs dngos grub bang mdzod).”

• cites [75] Dekhang, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For cold disorders such as serous fluids, arthritis, and a kind of dropsy, Khyenrap Norbu prescribes good beer or a decoction of good pomegranate with specially prepared calcite ash.

“If the patient is ill with cold disorders—such as diseases of the ‘serous fluids’ (chu ser), ‘arthritis’ (grum bu), ‘a kind of dropsy’ (skya rbab), and so on—the physician should use good beer, or a decoction of good pomegranate with a measure of specially prepared calcite ash (cong zhi ’phrul thal).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo instructs supplementing with many recitations of Sanskrit vowels and consonants and the Essence of Causation mantra.

“These should be supplemented by many recitations of the Sanskrit vowels and consonants (dbyangs gsal), as well as the Essence of Causation mantra (rten snying).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Yeshé Gyatso instructs spreading a new mat or cushion and creating right-turning swastikas from white grain.

“The doctor should then spread out a new mat or cushion and create swastikas out of white grain that turn to the right.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo instructs reciting the lineage supplication beginning with 'Limitless merit ...'.

“The doctor should then recite the lineage supplication that begins with the line, ‘Limitless merit …’ (dpag yas bsod nams).”

• cites [81] Yang, 1987Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The use of beer or tea to fill the cup in jewel pill preparations differs across texts and is not unimportant.

“A detail that is not unimportant and differs across the texts, however, is the use of either beer or tea to fill the cup in the jewel pill preparations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most authors indicate the empowerment ritual must be performed both after the altar is erected and later when pills are administered.

“Most authors indicate that this ritual needs to be performed both times, after the altar has been erected and later when the pills are being administered.”

• cites [73] Gyatso, 2010Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok speaks in general terms of taking refuge, arousing bodhicitta, reciting mantras, and so on for the main ritual practice.

“For the main ritual practice, he speaks in general terms of taking refuge, arousing bodhicitta, reciting mantras, and so on.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If the physician has no assistant, Yeshé Gyatso says he should perform the entire ritual himself, following either the extensive or short Medicine Buddha ritual and visualising the cleansing of the flow of ambrosia.

“if he does not, the doctor should perform the entire ritual by himself, following instructions based on either the extensive or the short Medicine Buddha ritual, visualising the cleansing of the flow of ambrosia, and so on.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Khyenrap Norbu instructs pouring either a cupful of the preferred fluid or enough to completely cover the precious pills.

“Whatever the case may be, Khyenrap Norbu continues, the physician should either pour a cupful of the preferred fluid, or he should pour it until the precious pills have been completely covered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Yeshé Gyatso mentions beer methods but considers them highly offensive for monks.

“Yeshé Gyatso also mentions methods involving the use of beer, but he considers them to be highly offensive for monks”

• cites [68] Schuh, 2012a, Erdherrengeister (sa-bdag)Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karma Ngedön states that after the altar is completed, one should recite the aspiration prayer of the Seven Medicine Buddhas based on the Sūtra tradition.

“Karma Ngedön Tendzin Trinlé Rapgyé states that after the altar is completed one should recite the aspiration prayer (smon lam cho ga) of the Seven Medicine Buddhas based on the Sūtra tradition”

• cites [74] Tian, 1997Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Yeshé Gyatso instructs pouring boiled water into the cup again, drinking the remnants, and swallowing all in the mouth.

“Then he should pour some boiled water into the porcelain cup once more, drink the remanants of the pills, and swallow all that is inside his mouth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok writes that after the altar is erected, the physician should arrange suitable offerings according to both Sūtra and Tantra traditions.

“After the altar has been erected he simply writes that the physician should arrange suitable offerings according to both the Sūtra and Tantra traditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karma Ngedön writes that very good beer, not good tea, should be used in preparing jewel pills.

“Karma Ngedön Tendzin Trinlé Rapgyé writes that the physician should not use good tea, but very good beer, in the preparation of the jewel pills.”

• cites [67] Schuh, 2011, ‘Die sa-bdag (Erdherrengeister) und die Schwierigkeiten der Interpretation illuminierter Manuskripte’, Zentralasiatische StudienNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Khyentsé Wangpo writes the physician should visualise the Medicine Buddha based on an authoritative text but does not specify which text.

“Khyentsé Wangpo writes that the physician should visualise the Medicine Buddha based on an authorative text, but does not specify what that text might be.”

• cites [78] Turek, forthcoming, Monastic Obligations, Hat Change and Lhasa Encroachment: Notes on the Economic System in the Historical Kingdom of Nang chen.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok recommends drawing out poison from the pathways of the channels where the drug enters the patient's body.

“He also recommends that the physician draw out the poison from the pathways of the ‘channels’ where the drug enters the body of the patient”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tekchok instructs reciting verses of praise for the Vedas and a mantra.

“He should recite verses of praise for the Vedas—as Orgyen Tekchok calls it, in reference to the verses of praise included in Tendzin Püntsok’s instructions—and recite a mantra.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso instructs that during the second gulp, the physician imagine his life and body become an immortal body free from change, indestructible like a vajra, an everlasting swastika, and a Victory Banner that Does Not Wane.

“During the second gulp, the physician should imagine that his life and body become a body of immortality that is free from change and transformation—indestructible and imperishable like an adamantine vajra, an everlasting swastika, and a Victory Banner that Does Not Wane.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Khyentsé Wangpo recommends Tangchen-25, stating it is suitable for most diseases.

“Khyentsé Wangpo also recommends the potion Tangchen-25, stating that it is suitable for the majority of diseases”

• cites [64] Sachs, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso instructs eventually reciting auspicious verses such as praise, dedication, and aspiration.

“Eventually, he should recite auspicious verses (rten ’brel), such as those of praise, dedication, aspiration, and so on.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo points out that according to his experience the physician should perform a ransom rite while reciting the Golden Dhāraṇī.

“Khyentsé Wangpo points out that according to his experience the physician should perform a ransom rite (blud) while reciting the Golden Dhāraṇī.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For an illness whose main base is heat, Orgyen Tekchok instructs using clean water boiled down to two-thirds volume and free from dust.

“if the main base of an illness is ‘heat’ (nad gzhi tsha can), the physician should use clean water that has been boiled down to two-thirds of its original volume and is free from dust.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok insists rituals should be performed with pure and clear motivation, compassion, devotion, and clarity in visualisation.

“He insists that one should perform rituals with a pure and clear motivation, compassion, devotion, and clarity in visualisation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso says the next step depends on whether the physician has a ritual assistant.

“The next step depends on whether the physician has a ritual assistant or not”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Khyentsé Wangpo instructs that after scattering flowers, the physician can take a seat, make customary prayers, and receive the accomplishment of the gaṇacakra feast.

“After scattering some flowers, the physician can take a seat, make some customary prayers, and receive the accomplishment of the gaṇacakra feast.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Yeshé Gyatso instructs grinding the pills in a porcelain cup with the ring finger of the left hand while thinking specified thoughts.

“The doctor should then grind the pills in a porcelain cup with the ring finger of his left hand, thinking”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo instructs crushing the pills with the ring finger when reaching the line 'I pray to multitude of proud guardians of the teachings'.

“When he reaches the line, ‘I pray to multitude of proud guardians of the teachings’, (bka’ srung dregs byed tshogs la gsol ba ’debs), he should crush the pills with his ring finger.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Yeshé Gyatso instructs the physician to get up before dawn and wash carefully the next day.

“The next day, he should get up before dawn and wash carefully.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karma Ngedön states that one should perform an extensive ritual based on the Yuthok Heart Essence from the Tantra tradition.

“and perform an extensive ritual based on the Yuthok Heart Essence (G.yu thog snying thig) from the Tantra tradition.”

• cites [74] Tian, 1997Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Yeshé Gyatso instructs offering the first portion of pills with thumb and ring finger of left hand, throwing it in air, dedicating to root teachers, meditational personal deity, buddhas, bodhisattvas, śrāvakas, and pratyekabuddhas.

“The physician should offer the first portion (phud) of the pills with the thumb and ring finger of his left hand, throwing it in the air, dedicating it to the root teachers, the ‘meditational personal deity’ (yi dam), buddhas, bodhisattvas, śrāvakas, and pratyekabuddhas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso instructs pouring water into the cup again and offering it to spirits that desire remains and leftovers.

“Then he should again pour some water into the cup, offering it to the spirits that desire remains and leftovers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For hot or cold disorders associated with wind, Orgyen Tekchok instructs using a cupful of good beer or a decoction of little tea-leaf sprouts.

“In case of diseases that are of either ‘a hot or cold disorder and in association with wind’ (cha [=tsha] dang grang rlung ldan), the physician should either use a cupful of good beer or of a decoction of the little sprouts of tea leaves in preparation of”

• cites [69] Schuh, 2012bNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For gastrointestinal disease, chronic heat, and similar conditions, Khyenrap Norbu prescribes a decoction of fine tea without trona residue.

“If the patient is ill with ‘gastrointestinal disease’ (smug po), ‘chronic heat’ (tshad rnying), and so on, then the physician should prescribe a decoction of fine tea without trona residue (bul tshwa).”

• cites [71] Srikantha Murthy, 2004–5 [1992–7]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Karma Ngedön instructs choosing an auspicious time, washing hands, crushing pills with ring finger, pulverising rest in mortar, and administering powder with words of aspiration.

“the physician just has to choose an auspicious time, wash his hands, crush the pills with his ring finger, then pulverise the rest in the mortar and administer the powder with words of”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo instructs following this with recitation of Sanskrit vowels and consonants, Essence of Causation mantra, solemn asseveration, and verses of praise associated with Mahāsāhasrapramardinī.

“This should be followed by a recitation of the Sanskrit vowels and consonants, the Essence of Causation mantra, the solemn asseveration (bden tshig), and verses of praise associated with the goddess”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

Yeshé Gyatso instructs the doctor to take the first gulp of the pill and tea solution, imagining it pervades the entire interior of his body.

“Then the doctor himself should take the first gulp of the pill and tea solution, imagining that it pervades the entire interior of his body.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For liver disease, Khyenrap Norbu instructs giving saffron water.

“If the patient is ill with ‘liver disease’ (mchin nad), the physician should give the patient saffron water.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo provides similar instructions to Tendzin Püntsok on the fluid.

“Khyentsé Wangpo provides similar instructions.”

• cites [66] Schicklgruber, 1992, ‘Grib: On the Significance of the Term in a Socio-religious Context’, Tibetan Studies, Proceedings of the 5th Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan StudiesNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karma Ngedön instructs restricting movement of people and demons by establishing retreat markers and offering sacrificial cakes for ransom or other ritual objects to scare obstacle-creating demons.

“He should then restrict the movement of people and demons by establishing retreat markers and offering sacrifical cakes for ransom (glud gtor) or other ritual objects to scare obstacle-creating demons (bgegs bskrad).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Instructions for arranging the altar are basically the same across texts, with only minor unimportant differences.

“The instructions for the arrangement of the altar are basically the same across the different texts; there are just a few minor differences that are of no real importance in this context.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tekchok says these steps should be followed by ransom offering, scaring away obstacle-creating demons, visualisation of a protection circle, and securing outer boundaries.

“As is the case in other treatises, these steps should be followed by a ransom offering, the scaring away of the obstacle-creating demons, the visualisation of a protection circle, and the securing of the outer boundaries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tekchok instructs cleaning the vessel with a sip of boiled water and drinking this water too.

“The physician should also clean the vessel in which the pills are given with a sip of boiled water and drink this water too.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso instructs offering the third portion to local territorial deities and lords of the ground.

“and the third portion to the local ‘territorial deities’ (yul lha) and ‘lords of the ground’ (gzhi bdag).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu describes the fluid used in preparing jewel pills as a vehicle for the pills.

“Khyenrap Norbu describes the fluid used in the preparation of the jewel pills as a type of vehicle for the pills (sman rta).”

• cites [70] Schwieger, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo instructs reciting dhāraṇīs and mantras seven times before making the first portion offering of crushed pills.

“He should recite the dhāraṇīs and mantras seven times before making the first portion offering of the crushed pills (phud mchod).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo instructs reciting the Golden Dhāraṇī twenty-one or one hundred times.

“Afterward the physician should recite the so-called Golden Dhāraṇī (Gser gzungs) twenty-one or one hundred times.”

• cites [79] Vogel, 1965Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yeshé Gyatso instructs taking refuge, arousing bodhicitta, and performing detailed meditative realisation based on the blue Medicine Buddha, Bhaiṣajyarāja, to empower the pills.

“In order to empower the precious pills, the physician should first take refuge, then arouse bodhicitta, and perform a detailed meditative realisation based on the blue Medicine Buddha, Bhaiṣajyarāja.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Yeshé Gyatso instructs that before everyone sleeps, the physician should do prostrations before the Medicine Buddha, make a seven-fold offering, and generate bodhicitta.

“Then, before everyone falls sleep, the physician should do prostrations before the Medicine Buddha, make a seven-fold offering, generate bodhicitta, and so on.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu goes into great detail about which liquid should be given with the pills.

“As already outlined above, he goes into great detail regarding which liquid should be given together with the pills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In other cases the vehicle could be sugar, honey, water, or another suitable substance.

“In other cases the vehicle could be sugar, honey, water, or any other suitable substance”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Khyenrap Norbu instructs considering the position of the planets and avoiding zodiac signs associated with wrathful planets.

“first the physician should consider the position of the planets (dus sbyor)—any signs of the zodiac associated with wrathful planets should be avoided.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tekchok identifies three types of suitable professionals: a specialist in the Eight Medicine Buddhas rituals in the Sūtra tradition; a vow-keeping monk who avoids meat, beer, and onions; and a doctor taught in all six tantras, including the Heart Essence: Dispelling the Darkness of Ignorance.

“According to Orgyen Tekchok, there are three categories of suitable professionals—namely a specialist regarding the rituals of the Eight Medicine Buddhas in the Sūtra tradition; a monk who has kept his vows and abstains from meat, beer, and onions; and a doctor who has received teachings regarding all ‘six tantras’ (rgyud drug), such as the Heart Essence: Dispelling the Darkness of Ignorance (Snyi”

• cites [120]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu instructs making a prayer imagining ambrosia appears in Bhaiṣajyaguru's almsbowl and comes to remain on the physician's tongue.

“The physician should then make a prayer, imagining ambrosia appears in the almsbowl of Bhaiṣajyaguru, who clearly resides in the sky in front of him, and comes to remain on his own tongue.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Karma Ngedön emphasises abstaining from garlic, onion, turnip, bitter/salty/rotten foods, aromatic vegetables or fruits, and especially substances that overcome mercury, sour beer, sexual intercourse, etc.

“He emphas”

May combine two claims.

The writings of Karma Ngedön Tendzin Trinlé Rapgyé and Orgyen Tekchok explicitly state that women are impure and that pills must be kept from them.

“Such views are explicitly expressed in the writings of Karma Ngedön Tendzin Trinlé Rapgyé and Orgyen Tekchok.118”

• cites [118]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For chronic heat, Chökyi Drakpa instructs first giving Gabur-25 and then jewel pills with boiled water, or if cleansing channels, beer first then pills.

“In case of ‘chronic heat’ (tshad rnying), the physician should first give Gabur-25 (Ga bur nyer lnga, ‘Camphor-25’) and then the jewel pills with boiled water—or if the physician seeks to cleanse the ‘channels’, he should give beer first and then the pills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Chökyi Drakpa explains that all types of poison, mobile and immobile, can be completely annihilated by precious pills combined with further appropriate drugs found in the Four Tantras.

“Furthermore, as explained by Chökyi Drakpa, all types of poison—‘mobile’ and ‘immobile’—can completely be annihilated by precious pills in combination with further appropriate drugs, which are found in the Four Tantras (Rgyud bzhi).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok's explanation presents the benefits of precious pills as potentially significant and long lasting.

“As seen in the elaborate explanation provided by Tendzin Püntsok, the benefits of precious pills can be both significant and long lasting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For rust poisoning, Chökyi Drakpa instructs jewel pills with broth of processed borax and golden-coloured sulphur, or broth of white nettles.

“If the patient is suffering from ‘rust poisoning’ (g.ya’ dug), the physician should administer the jewel pills together with a ‘broth of processed borax’ (tsha la btul ma)98 and ‘golden-coloured sulphur’ (mu zi gser ’dra),99 or a ‘broth of white nettles’ (zwa dkar).”

• cites [98]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [99]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are dietary and lifestyle restrictions for a patient taking jewel pills.

“As outlined in the discussion of Tendzin Püntsok’s treatise above, there are a number of dietary and lifestyle restrictions for a patient taking jewel pills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For poisoning by non-poisonous substances that turned poisonous, Chökyi Drakpa instructs giving pills with vegetable broth.

“If the patient has been ‘poisoned by non-poisonous substances that turned poisonous’ (gyur dug), regardless of what it might be, the physician should give the pills together with a vegetable broth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Khyenrap Norbu explains that after the altar is erected, the physician should arrange five kinds of offerings and perform either the Bhaiṣajyaguru Sūtra Ritual or the Empowering Flow of Accomplishing the Master.

“Khyenrap Norbu explains that after the altar has been erected, the physician should arrange the five kinds of offerings and perform whatever is suitable—either the Bhaiṣajyaguru Sūtra Ritual (Sman bla’i mdo chog) or the Empowering Flow of Accomplishing the Master (Byin rlabs bla ma sgrub kyi cho ga, from the Yutok Heart Essence).”

• cites [83] 1991Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Khyenrap Norbu instructs imagining the statue or painting of the Medicine Buddha as real, prostrating and praising him seven times with specified words.

“Imagining the statue or painting of the Medicine Buddha on the altar as real, the physician should prostrate and praise him seven times, saying ‘I pay homage to the Blessed One, the One Gone Thus, the Worthy One, the Teacher of Medicine, the King of Lapis Lazuli Light! I make offerings! I take refuge!’”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most other authors examined are not so explicit about the vehicle.

“Most of the other authors examined here are not so explicit in this regard.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok says some instructions are less important and briefly describes the most significant dietary and lifestyle restrictions.

“As Tendzin Püntsok explains, some of these instructions are less important than others, so he briefly describes the most significant dietary and lifestyle restrictions that a patient must follow.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other authors give lists of restrictions comparable to Tendzin Püntsok's, with varying detail.

“The other authors examined here also give lists of restrictions that are comparable to Tendzin Püntsok’s treatise, with varying degrees of detail.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Khyenrap Norbu instructs reciting the Medicine Buddha's dhāraṇī many times, followed by particular verses of praise.

“The physician should recite the dhāraṇī of the Medicine Buddha many times, followed by particular verses of praise.”

• cites [85]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu gives a comprehensive description of the vehicle of precious pills.

“Khyenrap Norbu gives a comprehensive description.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For poisoned arrow injury, Chökyi Drakpa instructs urine of a seven-year-old boy, and if severe, four equals then a male horse corresponding to patient's age as vehicle.

“A patient injured by ‘poisoned arrows’ (mda’ dug) should take the urine of a seven-year-old boy but, if the poisoning is severe, he should consume the so-called ‘four equals’ (bzhi mnyam)96 and then use a ‘male horse’ that corresponds to the age of the patient as vehicle for the pills.”

• cites [96]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok's consecration instruction differs from Tendzin Püntsok's recommendation of verses of praise and an invocation of truth.

“The latter instruction is clearly different from those of Tendzin Püntsok, who recommends verses of praise and an ‘invocation of the truth’ (bden bdar).”

May combine two claims.

The prohibition on women's contact with precious pills also applies when a female patient is treated: a male physician must administer the pills to preserve their purity.

“Such restrictions even apply to the administration of pills to a female patient, which must be done by a male physician in order to protect the purity of the pills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu instructs finely crushing the pills with an iron spoon or clean ring finger.

“With this wish in mind, the physician should finely crush the pills with an iron spoon or his clean ring finger.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For severe black aconite poisoning, Chökyi Drakpa instructs using urine of a seven-year-old boy as vehicle.

“If the patient has severe ‘black aconite poisoning’ (btsan dug), the physician should use the urine of a seven-year-old boy as the vehicle.”

• cites [92]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu instructs reciting verses of praise beginning with 'Who has impartial compassion for all beings ...'.

“Then the physician should recite the verses of praise that begin with the line ‘Who has impartial compassion for all beings …’ (thugs rje kun la snyoms pa’i).”

• cites [87]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If illness is severe, Chökyi Drakpa instructs taking the essence of ambrosia.

“If the illness is severe, the patient should take the ‘essence of ambrosia’ (bdud rtsi’i dwangs ma).”

• cites [93]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Khyenrap Norbu instructs taking a seat, performing the seven-fold offering, and making a mandala offering.

“Then the physician should take a seat, perform the seven-fold offering, and make a mandala offering.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu says a physician may give a purgative after three or four days for chronic heat, wounds and sores, serous fluid diseases, etc.

“Khyenrap Norbu provides further specifications regarding medical therapies; according to him, it would be acceptable if a physician gives a purgative after three or four days in the case of ‘chronic heat’ (tshad rnying), ‘wounds and sores’ (rma lhog), ‘diseases of the serous fluid’ (chu ser), and so on.”

• cites [101]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For jewel pills, Khyenrap Norbu instructs the vehicle should be the same as the liquid used during the ritual.

“but in the case of jewel pills, Khyenrap Norbu instructs that the vehicle should be the same as the liquid used during the ritual.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tendzin Püntsok writes the best regimen lasts forever, medium three years, lesser at least one year.

“For example, Tendzin Püntsok writes that the best regimen would last forever, the medium regimen lasts for three years, and the lesser regimen lasts for at least one year.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok and Khyentsé Wangpo do not explicitly reference the substance used for the vehicle.

“Tendzin Püntsok and Khyentsé Wangpo do not explicitly reference the substance used for the vehicle”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When poison emerges, the patient will show symptoms such as diarrhoea, vomiting, stomach rumble, belching, and pleasant smell of musk.

“When the poison emerges, the patient will begin to show certain symptoms—such as diarrhoea, vomiting, stomach rumble, belching, and the pleasant smell of musk.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu instructs imagining beams of light from the Medicine Buddha's heart collect all ambrosia in nirvāṇa and saṃsāra and transform the pills into ambrosia of immortality.

“He should imagine that the beams of light issuing from the heart of the Medicine Buddha collect all of the ambrosia in both nirvāṇa and saṃsāra and, vanishing into the pills, transform them into the ambrosia of immortality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Orgyen Tekchok's instructions essentially repeat Tendzin Püntsok's descriptions of benefits.

“Such descriptions are essentially repeated in the instructions provided by Orgyen Tekchok,121”

• cites [121]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

When such symptoms show, the doctor should immediately give a purgative against poisoning, such as Cleansed Gold of Myrobalan, which is beneficial for all kinds of poisoning and gastrointestinal disease.

“When such symptoms show, the doctor should immediately give a ‘purgative against poisoning’ (dug sbyong)—such as the purgative known as the ‘Cleansed Gold of Myrobalan’ (a ru’i gser bshal),103 which is beneficial for all kinds of poisoning and ‘gastrointestinal disease’ (smug po).”

• cites [103]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tekchok's instructions about who may administer precious pills differ from Tendzin Püntsok's and use a different set of criteria.

“Notably, the instructions provided by Orgyen Tekchok on this issue differ from those provided by Tendzin Püntsok, including a different set of criteria for the administration of precious pills.119”

• cites [119]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orgyen Tekchok is less strict: best regimen three years, medium one year, minimum six months.

“Orgyen Tekchok, however, is less strict in this regard.100 He sees the best regimen as lasting three years, the medium regimen as lasting one year, and the minimum length being a regimen of six months.”

• cites [100]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Instructions by Khyentsé Wangpo, Orgyen Tekchok, and Khyenrap Norbu seem derived directly from Tendzin Püntsok's treatise, though with important differences.

“The instructions given by Khyentsé Wangpo, Orgyen Tekchok, and Khyenrap Norbu seem to be derived from Tendzin Püntsok’s treatise directly, although there also are important differences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Khyenrap Norbu instructs cleaning the vessel a few times with solvent such as tea or beer and drinking it without rubbing.

“Without rubbing it, he should then clean the vessel a few times with the solvent—tea, beer, and so on—and drink it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu refers to the substance as the horse-vehicle or carrier-of the medicine, as is usual in Tibetan medicine.

“As is usually the case in Tibetan medicine, he refers to the substance as the ‘horse’—that is, vehicle or carrier—of the medicine (sman rta).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karma Ngedön and Yeshé Gyatso give more flexible and practical instructions.

“The instructions provided by Karma Ngedön Tendzin Trinlé Rapgyé and Yeshé Gyatso are both more flexible and more practical.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tendzin Püntsok lists three or four categories of people who may administer precious pills, arranged by graded quality.

“Tendzin Püntsok presents three or four types of persons who may administer precious pills to a patient in order of their graded quality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu says this performance should be followed by offering of blessings and the first portion of pills.

“This performance should be followed by the offering of blessings and of the first portion of the pills (byin rlabs phud mchod).”

• cites [84]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These benefits are said to affect not only the physical body and its ailments but also the patient's spiritual development.

“These benefits do not only concern the physical body and its ailments, but also the spiritual development of the patient as well.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For thin hair poisoning, Chökyi Drakpa instructs warm blood or bear's fat, then further medicinal substances.

“For ‘thin hair poisoning’ (spu dug), the physician should give either warm blood or bear’s fat, and then add further medicinal substances.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Chökyi Drakpa offers extensive instructions on proper use of precious pills for different diseases and kinds of poisoning.

“Thus, from these examples we can see that Chökyi Drakpa offers extensive instructions regarding the proper use of precious pills in the treatment of different diseases and different kinds of poisoning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu instructs many recitations of the long or short dhāraṇī.

“This should be followed by many recitations of the long or the short dhāraṇī—Tadyathā / Oṃ bhaiṣajye bhaiṣajye / Mahābhaiṣajye rājā samudgate svāhā.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Khyenrap Norbu instructs the administrator to dress in new clothes, sit on a white mat or cushion, look east to the Medicine Buddha field, and pay homage.

“The person who administers the pills should dress in new clothes, sit on a white mat or cushion and, looking to the Buddha field of the Medicine Buddha in the east, pay homage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For egg poisoning, Chökyi Drakpa instructs otter meat or broth from exterior coating of blue bamboo.

“A patient suffering from ‘egg poisoning’ (sgong dug) should eat otter meat or a broth made from the exterior coating of blue bamboo (mthing shun).”

• cites [97]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For meat poisoning, Chökyi Drakpa instructs beer, and if severe, concentrated decoction of common salt or dried turnip.

“A patient suffering from ‘meat poisoning’ (sha dug) should drink beer but, if it is severe, he should take a concentrated decoction of either common salt (lan tshwa) or dried turnip (nyung skam).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karma Ngedön writes it would be good if the patient abstains from walking, travelling, and certain foods for about seven days.

“Karma Ngedön writes that it would be good if the patient abstains from walking, travelling, and also from certain types of food for about seven days.”

• cites [104]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Khyenrap Norbu instructs administering pills during an auspicious period such as between midnight and dawn, but not when Sepungjé Nakmo is active.

“In general, the pills should be administered during an auspicious period of the day—such as between midnight (nam phyed) and dawn (nam langs)—but not at a period of the day when the female deity Sepungjé Nakmo (Sa’i ’phung byed nag mo) is active.”

• cites [86]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu instructs a detailed ritual to empower the precious pills, starting with taking refuge and arousing bodhicitta.

“Then the physician should conduct a detailed ritual in order to empower the precious pills. It starts with taking refuge and arousing bodhicitta.”

May combine two claims.

Only some of the authors examined explicitly discuss these restrictions, yet all of them recognized such ritual impurities.

“Only some of the authors examined here explicitly comment upon these restrictions, but all of them were aware of such important ritual impurities;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu instructs that administration time should coincide with Virgo, Gemini, Sagittarius, or Pisces.

“The time of the administration should coincide with the zodiacal signs of Virgo (Kanyā, Bu mo), Gemini (Mithuna, ’Khrig), Sagittarius (Dhanu, Gzhu), or Pisces (Mīna, Nya).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For poisoning by liver of a poisoned animal, Chökyi Drakpa instructs rotten fish and nettle soup, then a purgative to cleanse remaining poison.

“If the patient has been ‘poisoned by the liver of a poisoned animal’ (dug gis shi ba’i mchin dug), the doctor should prescribe rotten fish and nettle soup, and afterward he should cleanse the rest of the poison with a purgative.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For a patient with a combination of all three defaults or gastrointestinal disease, Chökyi Drakpa instructs giving jewel pills with Manu-4.

“If the patient suffers from either a ‘combination of all three defaults’ (’dus gsum) or from a ‘gastrointestinal disease’ (smug po), the physician should give the jewel pills with Manu-4 (Ma nu bzhi, ‘Inula-4’).”

• cites [91]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

If the patient follows these instructions, the jewel pills should remain in the body.

“If the patient follows these instructions, the jewel pills should remain in the body.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu instructs that this ambrosia should purify and clear away all disease-causing demons like the sun dispels darkness.

“This ambrosia should purify and clear away all diseases causing demons like the sun dispels darkness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Chökyi Drakpa is an important exception and provides a detailed list of potential vehicles to be given with precious pills.

“Chökyi Drakpa, however, is an important and notable exception; he provides a very detailed list of potential vehicles that should be given together with the precious pills.”

• cites [90]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For rabies, Chökyi Drakpa instructs using stallion urine, a concentrated decoction of dung beetles, or a Corydalis species decoction as vehicle.

“When a doctor gives precious pills to a patient afflicted with ‘rabies’ (khyi dug), he should use either the urine of a stallion, a ‘concentrated decoction’ (gdus khu) of ‘dung beetles’ (sbur nag),94 or a ‘decoction of a Corydalis species’ (stong ri).”

• cites [94]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [95]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Karma Ngedön, Orgyen Tekchok, and Yeshé Gyatso seem to recommend boiled water as the vehicle.

“It seems that Karma Ngedön Tendzin Trinlé Rapgyé, Orgyen Tekchok, and Yeshé Gyatso recommend the use of boiled water as the vehicle.”

• cites [89]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyenrap Norbu instructs the liquid should vary with the patient's health and the nature of the disease.

“He also goes on to instruct that the liquid should vary with respect to the health of the patient and the nature of the disease.”

• cites [88]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Such prohibitions appear not only in ritual procedures but also in temporal procedures and in medical theory about the full healing potency of jewel pills in the body.

“Such prohibitions can be found not only in the ritual procedures of jewel pill administration, but also in its temporal procedures, and the medical theory describing the full healing potency of jewel pills in the body.”

May combine two claims.

The specific rituals-offerings, meditations, and recitations of mantras, dhāraṇīs, and praises-could vary with each doctor's religious background, but they had to be performed for the pills to be truly efficacious.

“The specific rituals—including the making of offerings, the performance of meditations, and the recitation of mantras, dhāraṇīs, and verses of praise could differ according to the religious background of each doctor, but it is evident that these had to be performed to ensure that the pills would be truly efficacious.”

May combine two claims.

Women were not regarded as the only hazard to the pills' efficacy; the patient also had to follow certain dietary, behavioural, and medical instructions.

“Women were not seen as the only hazard that could spoil the efficacy of the pills, however; the patient was also oblidged to follow certain dietary, behavioural, and medical instructions, which also reflect the socio-religious life of historical Tibet.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Despite differences in wording and length, the other authors' basic statements about benefits are essentially the same.

“and although the phrasing and length of their descriptions might differ, the basic statements of the other authors are essentially the same.122”

• cites [122]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Khyentsé Wangpo states that precious pills eventually allow the patient to become an awareness holder of the ḍākinīs.

“Eventually, precious pills enable the patient to become an ‘awareness holder’ (vidyādhara, rig ’dzin) of the ḍākinīs.”

• cites [123]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.