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Reactive Oxygen Species and Cell Signaling: Respiratory Burst in Macrophage Signaling
Abstract
Phagocytes such as neutrophils and macrophages produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) during phagocytosis or stimulation with a wide variety of agents through activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NADPH) oxidase that is assembled at the plasma membrane from resident plasma membrane and cytosolic protein components. One of the subunits of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase is now recognized as a member of a family of NADPH oxidases, or NOX, present in cells other than phagocytes. Physiologic generation of ROS has been implicated in a variety of physiologic responses from transcriptional activation to cell proliferation and apoptosis. The increase in superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that results from stimulation of the NADPH oxidase is transient, in part due to the presence of the antioxidant enzymes, which return their concentrations to the prestimulation steady state level. Thus, the antioxidant enzymes may function in the “turn-off” phase of signal transduction by ROS. During its transient elevation, H2O2 may act as a modifier of key signaling enzymes through reversible oxidation of critical thiols. The rapid reaction of thiols with H2O2 when in their unprotonated state would provide a potential mechanism for the specificity that is necessary for physiologic cell signaling.
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“The oxidative burst in phagocytes is commonly associated with bacterial killing, but in the case of alveolar macrophages, they typically produce lower levels of ROS than neutrophils and may require their activation to exhibit their bactericidal properties.”
From The Role of Reactive Species on Innate Immunity (2022) · cites this paper as [101]
In the citing paper
“Instead, their transient oxidative burst regulates the inflammatory response by inducing cytokine synthesis for redox signaling, resulting in an influx of activated neutrophils and macrophages [101].”
From The Role of Reactive Species on Innate Immunity (2022) · cites this paper as [101]
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“Alternatively, ROS signaling, particularly through NF-jB, might play a critical role in the transcription and translation of NF-jB target genes, including various cytokines and chemokines that recruit and stimulate macrophages (Forman and Torres, 2002; Vernon and Tang, 2013).”
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“The ability of macrophages to produce ROS is much smaller than that of neutrophils but ROS and particularly H2O2 are important second messengers regulating physiological functions of macrophages (12).”
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“121, 631 The most important ROS are the superoxide anion (O 2 − ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical (HO%), nitric oxide (NO%), and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO − ) (Figure 19 .13).”
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“Activated monocytes/macrophages produce ROS that can affect their microenvironment (30, 31).”
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Strassheim, D., Asehnoune, K., Park, J., Kim, J. Y., He, Q., Richter, D., Mitra, S., Arcaroli, J. J., Kuhn, K., & Abraham, E. H. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00296.2003 · Cited by 54
“In particular, intracellular concentrations of H2O2 increase through pathways involving cellular activation by PDGF, EGF, bFGF, GM-CSF, TGF- 1, IL-1, IL-3, and TNF- (18, 47).”
BackgroundInfluentialYang, Y., Zhang, Y., Cuevas, S., Villar, V. A. M., Escano, C. S., Asico, L. D., Yu, P., Grandy, D. K., Felder, R. A., Armando, I., et al. (2012) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.015 · Cited by 53
Anti-oxidant inhibition of hyaluronan fragment-induced inflammatory gene expression
Eberlein, M. H., Scheibner, K. A., Black, K. E., Collins, S. L., Chan‐Li, Y., Powell, J. D., & Horton, M. R. (2008) · Journal of Inflammation · doi:10.1186/1476-9255-5-20 · Cited by 56
“ROS have been identified as second messengers in cells, and play a role in receptor signaling and posttranslational modification of signaling molecule activity [41,42].”
BackgroundGulaboski, R., Mirčeski, V., Kappl, R., Hoth, M., & Bozem, M. (2019) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.1061908jes · Cited by 53
Inflammation and (secondary) genotoxicity of Ni and NiO nanoparticles
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“The exact mechanism for the secondary genotoxicity is currently not known and future studies exploring this using e.g. ROS scavengers, chelators, iNOS, as well as NADPD oxidase inhibitors and inhibitors of cell uptake would be valuable.”
BackgroundInfluentialGarcia, R. A., Ito, B. R., Lupisella, J. A., Carson, N., Hsu, M.-Y., Fernando, G., Héroux, M., Bouvier, M., Dierks, E. A., Kick, E. K., et al. (2019) · JACC Basic to Translational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.07.005 · Cited by 53
“Activated phagocytes release reactive oxygen species (oxidative burst) into the ingested phagosome (19).”
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“O :2 is generated when a single electron prematurely leaves the METC and partially reduces molecular oxygen.”
BackgroundInfluentialStimulatory TSH-Receptor Antibodies and Oxidative Stress in Graves Disease
Diana, T., Daiber, A., Oelze, M. W., Neumann, S., Olivo, P. D., Kanitz, M., Stamm, P., & Kahaly, G. J. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00509 · Cited by 54
Live cell imaging of signaling and metabolic activities
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Pharmaconutrition Review: Physiological Mechanisms
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NAMPT-Mediated Salvage Synthesis of NAD+ Controls Morphofunctional Changes of Macrophages
Venter, G., Oerlemans, F. T. J. J., Willemse, M. P., Wijers, M., Fransen, J. A. M., & Wieringa, B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097378 · Cited by 51
“Intracellularly, the ROS is involved in redox signaling, mediating the production of cytokines via NFkb-dependent mechanisms [83] but also regulating the activity of cofilin [84] which increases the recycling of actin monomers at the pointed end of actin filaments.”
BackgroundSchmidt, A., Rödder, K., Hasse, S., Masur, K., Toups, L., Lillig, C. H., von Woedtke, T., Wende, K., & Bekeschus, S. (2016) · Plasma Processes and Polymers · doi:10.1002/ppap.201600090 · Cited by 50
Antioxidant, Anti‐Inflammatory, and Analgesic Activities ofAgrimonia eupatoriaL. Infusion
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Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis and the formation of reactive oxygen species in rat glioma cells
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“In glioma cells treated with As2O3, one of the most likely mechanisms for triggering an antitumor effect is the induction of ROS [29, 30].”
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“During phagocytosis of microbial pathogens, phagocytes produce a high level of ROS to induce cellular oxidative stress and promoting the antimicrobial response (Forman and Torres, 2002; Lee et al., 2003).”
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“The enzymes responsible for ROS generation are NOXes.(21)”
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Redox control of changes in protein sulfhydryl levels during human sperm capacitation
de Lamirande, E., & Gagnon, C. (2003) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00501-x · Cited by 50
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“…of immune cells such as macrophages or neutrophils are relevant given their generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and cytokines, which affect P. aeruginosa viability and expression of clinically important virulence factors (Mathee et al., 1999; Forman & Torres, 2002; Wu et al., 2005).”
Decreasing CB1 receptor signaling in Kupffer cells improves insulin sensitivity in obese mice
Jourdan, T., Nicoloro, S. M. C., Zhou, Z., Shen, Y., Liu, J., Coffey, N. J., Çınar, R., Godlewski, G., Gao, B., Aouadi, M., et al. (2017) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2017.08.011 · Cited by 51
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The anti-parkinsonian drug zonisamide reduces neuroinflammation: Role of microglial Nav 1.6
Hossain, M. M., Weig, B., Reuhl, K. R., Gearing, M., Wu, L., & Richardson, J. R. (2018) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.005 · Cited by 48
“…following exposure to LPS and MPTP. Studies using neuron-glia cultures from NADPH oxidase-deficient mice reported that NADPH oxidase initiates an intracellular ROS signaling pathways that can activate microglia and release inflammatory cytokines (Forman and Torres, 2002; Qin et al., 2004).”
BackgroundKhan, N., Rahim, S. S., Boddupalli, C. S., Ghousunnissa, S., Padma, S., Pathak, N., Thiagarajan, D., Hasnain, S. E., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2005) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-04-1707 · Cited by 48
Metadata
- Authors
- Forman, H. J., & Torres, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- ORCID
- Forman, Henry Jay
- Venue
- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-12
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- Supplement_1
- Pages
- S4-S8
- ISSN
- 1073-449X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-4970
- OpenAlex
- W1874751834
- Cited by
- 891
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL037556, HL 37556)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Keywords
- reactive oxygen species, NADPH oxidase, respiratory burst, macrophages, signal transduction, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, antioxidant enzymes, thioredoxin reductase, thioredoxin, redox signaling, phagocytes
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Hydrogen Peroxide, Macrophages, Oxidation-Reduction, Signal Transduction, Respiratory Burst, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Reactive Oxygen Species, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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