Glioblastoma-targeted CD4+ CAR T cells mediate superior antitumor activity

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Molecular dynamics at immune synapse lipid rafts influence the cytolytic behavior of CAR T cells

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Biological and Molecular Factors Predicting Response to Adoptive Cell Therapies in Cancer

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Characterization and Treatment of Spinal Tumors

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IL-9 signaling redirects CAR T cell fate toward CD8+ memory and CD4+ cycling states, enhancing antitumor efficacy

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Cytolytic Activity of CAR T Cells and Maintenance of Their CD4+ Subset Is Critical for Optimal Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Solid Tumor Models

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Chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cells and their application in the immunotherapy of solid tumours

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A Mathematical Model for On-Target Off-Tumor Effect of CAR-T Cells on Gliomas

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An oligo-His-tag of a targeting module does not influence its biodistribution and the retargeting capabilities of UniCAR T cells

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Spatial heterogeneity in glioblastoma: Decoding the role of perfusion

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Inclusion of 4-1BB Costimulation Enhances Selectivity and Functionality of IL13Rα2-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells

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Enhancing Efficacy of TCR-engineered CD4+ T Cells Via Coexpression of CD8α

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Tyrosine kinase signaling-independent MET-targeting with CAR-T cells

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IL13Rα2-targeted third-generation CAR-T cells with CD28 transmembrane domain mediate the best anti-glioblastoma efficacy

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Predictive response and outcome of peripheral CD4+ T cell subpopulations to combined immunotherapy and chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer patients

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Strategies to Enhance the Efficacy of T-Cell Therapy for Central Nervous System Tumors

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Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Killing Mechanisms of Antitumor Cytotoxic CD4+ TCR-T Cells

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Next-generation T cell immunotherapy: overcoming exhaustion, senescence, and suppression

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Human EGFRvIII chimeric antigen receptor T cells demonstrate favorable safety profile and curative responses in orthotopic glioblastoma

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Cell-based therapies for glioblastoma: Promising tools against tumor heterogeneity

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Deciphering immune microenvironment and cell evasion mechanisms in human gliomas

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Cytotoxic CD4 T cells in the mucosa and in cancer

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Engineering off-the-shelf universal CAR T cells: A silver lining in the cloud

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Site-Specific Considerations on Engineered T Cells for Malignant Gliomas

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Cellular therapy for the treatment of solid tumors

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Advances in Immunotherapy for Adult Glioblastoma

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CAR‐T Cell Manufacturing for Hematological and Solid Tumors: From the Preclinical to Clinical Point of View

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Engineering T cells for immunotherapy of primary human hepatocellular carcinoma

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Enhancing CAR T cell efficacy: the next step toward a clinical revolution?

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B cell lymphoma 6 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by inhibiting tumor infiltrating CD4+T cell cytotoxicity through ESM1

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The molecular receptor NKBB enhances the persistence and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity of GPC3 CAR-T cells

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Adapter-Mediated Transduction with Lentiviral Vectors: A Novel Tool for Cell-Type-Specific Gene Transfer

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CAR-engineered NK cells versus CAR T cells in treatment of glioblastoma; strength and flaws

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Potential of Stem Cells and CART as a Potential Polytherapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer

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Case report: Rapid resolution of grade IV ICANS after first line intrathecal chemotherapy with methotrexate, cytarabine and dexamethasone

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Advances in bioengineered CAR T/ NK cell therapy for glioblastoma: Overcoming immunosuppression and nanotechnology‐based strategies for enhanced CAR T/ NK cell therapy

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Pooled screening for CAR function identifies novel IL-13Rα2-targeted CARs for treatment of glioblastoma

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Retargeting IL-2 Signaling to NKG2D-Expressing Tumor-Infiltrating Leukocytes Improves Adoptive Transfer Immunotherapy

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Development of a cGMP-compliant process to manufacture donor-derived, CD45RA-depleted memory CD19-CAR T cells

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CD4+ CAR T cells — more than helpers

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Preclinical evaluation of chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting the carcinoembryonic antigen as a potential immunotherapy for gallbladder cancer

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IL‐21 Loading CaMnCO 3 Vitality Backpacks Boost CAR‐T Cell Synergistic Immunotherapy

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When Onco-Immunotherapy Meets Cold Atmospheric Plasma: Implications on CAR-T Therapies

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Current and future perspectives of chimeric antigen receptors against glioblastoma

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Unravelling the modified T cell receptor through Gen-Next CAR T cell therapy in Glioblastoma: Current status and future challenges

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Immune inactivation of anti-simian immunodeficiency virus chimeric antigen receptor T cells in rhesus macaques

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Characterization of a library of 20 HBV-specific MHC class II-restricted T cell receptors

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In Vitro Tumor Cell Rechallenge For Predictive Evaluation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Antitumor Function

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Functionalized microcarriers improve T cell manufacturing by facilitating migratory memory T cell production and increasing CD4/CD8 ratioPreprint

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Potency monitoring of CAR T cells

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Lineage tracing of T cell differentiation from T-iPSC by 2D feeder-free culture and 3D organoid culture

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TCR-independent Activation in Presence of a Src-family Kinase Inhibitor Improves CAR-T Cell Product Attributes

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Chimeric antigen receptor therapies: Development, design, and implementation

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Conditionally Replicating Vectors Mobilize Chimeric Antigen Receptors against HIV

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CliniMACS Prodigy Manufacturing of Switchable, AND-Gate CAR T Cells

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The Role of CELMoD Agents in Multiple Myeloma

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Anti–PD-1 and Extended Half-life IL2 Synergize for Treatment of Murine Glioblastoma Independent of Host MHC Class I Expression

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Uncovering the Role of CD4+ CAR T Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy

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Influencing factors and solution strategies of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR–T) cell immunotherapy

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Non-Tumor Cells within the Tumor Microenvironment—The “Eminence Grise” of the Glioblastoma Pathogenesis and Potential Targets for Therapy

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Design and preclinical testing of an anti‐CD41 CAR T cell for the treatment of acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia

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The role of CD4+ CAR T cells in cancer immunotherapy

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Eomesodermin+ CD4+ T cells are critical for curative immunotherapy outcomes

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Expand available targets for CAR-T therapy to overcome tumor drug resistance based on the "Evolutionary Traps"

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Enhancing the Efficacy of CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Comprehensive Exploration of Cellular Strategies and Molecular Dynamics

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Efficacy and safety of innate and adaptive immunotherapy combined with standard of care in high-grade gliomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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CD4 aptamer-engineered cell platforms enhance anti-tumor immunity in triple-negative breast cancer

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Multimodal profiling of CAR T cells against glioblastoma using a microengineered 3D tumor-on-a-chip model

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In vivo engineering chimeric antigen receptor immune cells with emerging nanotechnologies

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Miltefosine reinvigorates exhausted T cells by targeting their bioenergetic state

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Capivasertib enhances chimeric antigen receptor T cell activity in preclinical models of B cell lymphoma

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Rank aggregation of independent genetic screen results highlights new strategies for adoptive cellular transfer therapy of cancer

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A novel strategy to increase the therapeutic potency of GBM chemotherapy via altering parenchymal/cerebral spinal fluid clearance rate

Umlauf, B. J., Frampton, G. A., Cooper, A., & Greene, H. F. (2023) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.024 · Cited by 5

Characterization of a Novel Bispecific Antibody That Activates T Cells In Vitro and Slows Tumor Growth In Vivo

Chornoguz, O., Leettola, C. N., Leander, K. R., Brosnan, K., Emmell, E., Chiu, M. L., & Santulli-Marotto, S. (2019) · Monoclonal Antibodies in Immunodiagnosis and Immunotherapy · doi:10.1089/mab.2019.0035 · Cited by 4

Feeder-free generation of iPSC-derived CD4 single-positive helper T cells via stage-specific modulation of Notch and TCR signaling

Kawai, Y., & Kaneko, S. (2026) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2026.01.020 · Cited by 5

Ultrasmall Fe‐curcumin immunomodulators reinvigorate CAR‐T cells to potentiate solid tumor immunotherapy by mitigating cell exhaustion and senescence

Duan, J., Xue, Y., Zhang, M., Zhang, Z., Peng, S., Sui, M., Ding, H., Nie, Y., Feng, Y., Wang, L., et al. (2026) · BMEMat · doi:10.1002/bmm2.70078 · Cited by 3

Optimization of In Vitro Th17 Polarization for Adoptive Cell Therapy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Gamal, W. M., Mediavilla-Varela, M., Uriepero, A., Pinilla-Ibarz, J. A., & Sahakian, E. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25126324 · Cited by 3

Rapid In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Jurkat Expressing Chimeric Antigen Receptor using Fluorescent Imaging

Subham, S., Jeppson, J. D., Gibbs, B. K., Babai, J., Alker, R., Godwin, A. K., & Akhavan, D. (2023) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/65560 · Cited by 3

CD22 TCR-engineered T cells exert antileukemia cytotoxicity without causing inflammatory responses

Nguyen, K. A., Liu, Z., Davies, J. S., McIntosh, C. P., Draper, L. M., Norberg, S. M., Rae, Z., Achar, S. R., Altan-Bonnet, G. Y., Zhang, L., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adq4297 · Cited by 4

Generation of effector CD4+ T cells from human iPSC

Amirault, J., Heinze, D. M., Yang, M., Kerr, C. M., Bawa, P., Polanco, L., Sgambettera, G., Wang, F., Belkina, A. C., Snyder-Cappione, J. E., et al. (2026) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2026.103058 · Cited by 2

Adaptive-like CAR-iPSC-CD4⁺ T cells outperform CD8⁺ counterparts in sustained ALL control

Guo, Q., Zhang, C., Wang, B., Iriguchi, S., Ishikawa, A., Minagawa, A., Ishii, T., Kawai, Y., & Kaneko, S. (2026) · Inflammation and Regeneration · doi:10.1186/s41232-025-00402-4 · Cited by 3

Myeloid-derived immunosuppression of chimeric antigen receptor T cells in the neuronal microenvironment of glioblastoma

Zhang, J., von Ehr, J., Look, T., Benotmane, J. K., Neidert, N. N., Kueckelhaus, J., Weiß, T., Heiland, D. H., & Yabo, Y. A. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-026-04783-2 · Cited by 2

Improving and Maintaining Responses in Pediatric B–Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Chimeric Antigen Receptor–T Cell Therapy

Arya, R. S., Barrett, D. M., Grupp, S. A., & Melenhorst, J. J. (2021) · The Cancer Journal · doi:10.1097/ppo.0000000000000513 · Cited by 2

Highlight of 2023: Virtues and vices of CD4 CAR T cells

Chinni, S. S., Taylor, M. F., Borger, J. G., & Quinn, K. M. (2024) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1111/imcb.12764 · Cited by 2

Evaluation of the Elements of Short Hairpin RNAs in Developing shRNA-Containing CAR T Cells

Urak, R. Z., Gittins, B. J., Soemardy, C., Grepo, N., Goldberg, L., Maker, M. S., Shevchenko, G., Davis, A. M., Li, S., Scott, T. A., et al. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15102848 · Cited by 4

Chlorotoxin Redirects Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Specific and Effective Targeting of GlioblastomaPreprint

Wang, D., Starr, R., Chang, W.-C., Aguilar, B., Alizadeh, D., Wright, S. L., Yang, X., Brito, A., Sarkissian, A., Ostberg, J. R., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.918888 · Cited by 2

Correction of age-associated defects in dendritic cell functions enables CD4 + T cells to eradicate tumors in the elderlyPreprint

Zhivaki, D., Borriello, F., Kennedy, S. N., Evavold, C. L., Bahleda, K. M., Chapman, K. L., Zanoni, I., & Kagan, J. C. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515695 · Cited by 2

The CD4 T cell epigenetic JUNB+ state is associated with proliferation and exhaustionPreprint

Mihai, I. S., Selinger, M., Boucheron, N., Forsell, M. N. E., Magalhaes, I., Trygg, J., & Henriksson, J. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.01.05.573875 · Cited by 2

Unravelling glioblastoma heterogeneity by single-cell RNA sequencing

Yang, C., & Cheng, E. (2024) · International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science (ICBioMed) · doi:10.1117/12.3013140 · Cited by 1

Class II Peptide-Major Histocompatibility Complex Lipid Nanoparticles Enable in vivo mRNA Delivery to Antigen-Specific CD4 + T Cells

Choy, J., Cheng, L., Patel, M., Zhu, Y., Ma, J., Kang, S.-S., Jain, M., Biggs, B. A., Schneck, J. P., & Mao, H. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c21115 · Cited by 1

Reversing T cell dysfunction in a novel in vitro model of T cell exhaustion reveals differential roles of RASA2

Saraç, H., Nicholson, R., Graham, R. N., Augustus, M., Taghavi, R., Connolly, D. J., Lim, L., & Lourenco, S. D. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1509926 · Cited by 1

Reprogramming CAR with Cytokine Signaling Increases the Efficacy of CAR T-cell Therapy in Solid Tumor Treatment and Confers Sustained Immune Memory

Sun, R., Liu, S., Yang, X., Che, C., Zhang, Z. Q., Wang, Y., Zhang, C., Yang, Y., Li, X. Q., Wang, J., et al. (2026) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1490 · Cited by 1

Meditope-Enabled Chimeric Antigen Receptors Facilitate Plug-and-Play Control of T Cells

Kuo, C.-F., Tong, Z., Kuo, Y., Park, M., King, J. D., Ly, K., Parcutela, B., Stern, L. A., Wang, Z., Hibbard, J. C., et al. (2026) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1285 · Cited by 1

Targeting tumor microenvironment-associated cells to reverse therapy resistance

Piranlioglu, R., Bradford, J. W., & Arbab, A. S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822527-1.00006-x · Cited by 1

Engineered T Cells for glioblastoma therapy

Zhu, J., & Zhong, J. (2018) · Glioma · doi:10.4103/glioma.glioma_26_18 · Cited by 1

Treatment and resistance of glioblastoma to CAR T-cell immunotherapies

Bagley, S. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821567-8.00023-3 · Cited by 1

Selective IL13Rα2-Targeted Functionality of IL13-Ligand CARs is Enhanced by Inclusion of 4-1BB Co-StimulationPreprint

Starr, R., Yang, X., Aguilar, B., Gumber, D., Huard, S. M., Wang, D., Chang, W.-C., Brito, A., Chiu, V., Ostberg, J. R., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486439 · Cited by 1

A microglia-CD4 + T cell partnership generates protective anti-tumor immunity to glioblastomaPreprint

Chen, D., Varanasi, S. K., Hara, T., Traina, K. A., McDonald, B., Farsakoglu, Y., Clanton, J., Xu, S., Mann, T. H., Du, V. Y., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.08.12.502093 · Cited by 1

Dynamic, single-cell monitoring of CAR T cell identity and activation with Raman spectroscopyPreprint

Stiber, A., Quach, B. B., Ogunlade, B., Georgiadis, A., Chang, K., Li, Y., Quinn, P. J., Wang, H., Tsui, K. C., Ang, C., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.22.707331 · Cited by 1

198. CD4+ IL13Rα2-Specific CAR T Cells Exhibit Potent Effector Function Against Glioblastoma

Wang, D., Starr, R., Aguilar, B., Brito, A., Chang, B., Sarkissian, A., Badie, B., Barish, M. E., Forman, S. J., & Brown, C. E. (2016) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/s1525-0016(16)33007-6

Abstract 3024: CD4+ outperform CD8+ central memory-derived CAR T cells, mediating persistent antitumor responses and long-term eradication of glioblastoma

Wang, D., Starr, R., Aguilar, B., Brito, A., Chang, B., Sarkissian, A., Badie, B., Barish, M. E., Forman, S. J., & Brown, C. E. (2017) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-3024

The development and potent antitumor efficacy of CD44/CD133 dual-targeting IL7Rα-armored CAR-T cells against glioblastoma

Zhai, Y., Li, G., Pan, C., Yu, M., Hu, H., Wang, D., Shi, Z., Jiang, T., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2025.217541 · Cited by 33

P06.01 Functional analysis of IL13Rα2-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells in immunocompetent mouse of glioblastoma

Pituch, K. C., Miska, J. M., Krenciute, G., Li, G., Panek, W. K., Gottschalk, S. M., & Balyasnikova, I. V. (2017) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/nox036.175

CAR T-cell therapy for glioblastoma: ready for the next round of clinical testing?

Prinzing, B. L., Gottschalk, S. M., & Krenciute, G. (2018) · Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy · doi:10.1080/14737140.2018.1451749 · Cited by 22