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Endogenous retroviral signatures predict immunotherapy response in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Open accessAbstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (hERVs) are remnants of exogenous retroviruses that have integrated into the genome throughout evolution. We developed a computational workflow, hervQuant, which identified more than 3,000 transcriptionally active hERVs within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) pan-cancer RNA-Seq database. hERV expression was associated with clinical prognosis in several tumor types, most significantly clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We explored two mechanisms by which hERV expression may influence the tumor immune microenvironment in ccRCC: (i) RIG-I-like signaling and (ii) retroviral antigen activation of adaptive immunity. We demonstrated the ability of hERV signatures associated with these immune mechanisms to predict patient survival in ccRCC, independent of clinical staging and molecular subtyping. We identified potential tumor-specific hERV epitopes with evidence of translational activity through the use of a ccRCC ribosome profiling (Ribo-Seq) dataset, validated their ability to bind HLA in vitro, and identified the presence of MHC tetramer-positive T cells against predicted epitopes. hERV sequences identified through this screening approach were significantly more highly expressed in ccRCC tumors responsive to treatment with programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) inhibition. hervQuant provides insights into the role of hERVs within the tumor immune microenvironment, as well as evidence that hERV expression could serve as a biomarker for patient prognosis and response to immunotherapy.
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“increased expression of ERVs, including a full-length HERV4700 element, was significantly associated with improved response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in clear cell renal cell carcinoma32,33.”
From Multi-omic analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma reveals aberrant cis-regulatory changes and dysregulated retrotransposons with prognostic potential (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
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HERV-derived epitopes represent new targets for T-cell-based immunotherapies in ovarian cancer
Bonaventura, P., Page, A., Tabone, O., Estornes, Y., Mutez, V., Delles, M., Moran, S., Dubois, C., Richard, T., Lacourrège, M., et al. (2025) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2024-010099 · Cited by 9
Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Diseases
Chen, C., Cui, Y., Wang, S., Yang, Y., Liu, Z., Jin, S., Shen, F., Gaipl, U. S., Ma, H., & Zhou, J. (2025) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70452 · Cited by 10
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Ribosomal profiling of human endogenous retroviruses in healthy tissues
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, C. C., Beckermann, K. E., Bortone, D. S., De Cubas, A. A., Bixby, L. M., Lee, S. J., Panda, A., Ganesan, S., Bhanot, G., Wallen, E. M., Milowsky, M. I., Kim, W. Y., Rathmell, W. K., Swanstrom, R., Parker, J. S., Serody, J. S., Selitsky, S. R., & Vincent, B. G.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2018-10-02
- Volume
- 128
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 4804-4820
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-8238
- PMC
- PMC6205406
- OpenAlex
- W2888593931
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 11.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- UNC Oncology Clinical Translational Research Training Program (5K12CA120780)
- National Institute of Health (5-P50-CA058223-22, 2-P30-CA016086-40, 1-U24-CA210988-01, U54-CA198999, 1F30CA225136-01)
- Forbeck Foundation Collaborative Research Award (NA)
- UNC University Cancer Research Fund (NA)
- Merck-Cancer Research Institute Irvington Postdoctoral Fellowship (NA)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Renal cell carcinoma treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- human endogenous retroviruses, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, immunotherapy response prediction, anti-PD-1 therapy, tumor immune microenvironment, HLA binding, prognostic factors, ribosome profiling, T cell response
- MeSH terms
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell, Humans, Immunotherapy, Kidney Neoplasms, Prognosis, Endogenous Retroviruses, Tumor Microenvironment
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