Phenotypic Analysis of Antigen-Specific T Lymphocytes
Abstract
Identification and characterization of antigen-specific T lymphocytes during the course of an immune response is tedious and indirect. To address this problem, the peptide-major histocompatability complex (MHC) ligand for a given population of T cells was multimerized to make soluble peptide-MHC tetramers. Tetramers of human lymphocyte antigen A2 that were complexed with two different human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-derived peptides or with a peptide derived from influenza A matrix protein bound to peptide-specific cytotoxic T cells in vitro and to T cells from the blood of HIV-infected individuals. In general, tetramer binding correlated well with cytotoxicity assays. This approach should be useful in the analysis of T cells specific for infectious agents, tumors, and autoantigens.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Peptide-MHC class-I or class-II multimers can estimate the extent of CMV 'obsession' by identifying antigen-specific cells.
“Studies can estimate the extent of CMV “obsession” by identifying antigen-specific cells using peptide-MHC class-I or class-II multimers (Altman et al. 1996; Davis et al. 2011).”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Altman et al. 1996
Cites
Handbook of Experimental Immunology.
Denman, A. (1968) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-68-6-1376_1 · Cited by 2,414 · see citing works
Garboczi, D. N., Hung, D. T., & Wiley, D. C. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.8.3429 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
HANDBOOK OF EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY
Holborow, E. J. (1968) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jcp.21.4.534-c · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Schatz, P. J. (1993) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1093-1138 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Antigen-Specific Development of Primary and Memory T Cells in Vivo
McHeyzer‐Williams, M. G., & Davis, M. M. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7535476 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Self-citationKo, H. S., Fu, S. M., WINCHESTER, R. J., Yu, D. T. Y., & Kunkel, H. G. (1979) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.150.2.246 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Nixon, D. F., Townsend, A., Elvin, J. G., Rizza, C. R., Gallwey, J., & McMichael, A. J. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/336484a0 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Self-citationMatsui, K., Boniface, J. J., Steffner, P., Reay, P. A., & Davis, M. M. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.26.12862 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Self-citationCarmichael, A. J., Jin, X., Sissons, P., & Borysiewicz, L. K. (1993) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.177.2.249 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Unusually high frequencies of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in humans.
Hoffenbach, A., Langlade‐Demoyen, P., Dadaglio, G., VILMER, E., Michel, F., Mayaud, C. M., Autran, B., & Plata, F. (1989) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.142.2.452 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
T Cell Receptor-MHC Class I Peptide Interactions: Affinity, Kinetics, and Specificity
Corr, M., Slanetz, A. E., Boyd, L. F., Jelonek, M. T., Khilko, S. N., al-Ramadi, B. K., Kim, Y. S., Maher, S. E., Bothwell, A. L. M., & Margulies, D. H. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8052850 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
T Cell Receptor-MHC Class I Peptide Interactions: Affinity, Kinetics, and Specificity
Fisher, R. J., & Fivash, M. J. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7701331 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Is a Target for Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Infected Individuals
Walker, B. D., Flexner, C. W., Paradis, T. J., Fuller, T. C., Hirsch, M., Schooley, R. T., & Moss, B. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2451288 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Lehner, P. J., Wang, E. C. Y., Moss, P. A. H., Williams, S. G., Platt, K., Friedman, S., Bell, J. I., & Borysiewicz, L. K. (1995) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.181.1.79 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Self-citationVisualization, characterization, and turnover of CD8+ memory T cells in virus-infected hosts.
Zimmerman, C. M. K., Brduscha‐Riem, K., Blaser, C., Zinkernagel, R. M., & Pircher, H. (1996) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.183.4.1367 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Sykulev, Y. K., Brunmark, A. B., Jackson, M. R., Cohen, R. J., Peterson, P. A., & Eisen, H. N. (1994) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/1074-7613(94)90005-1 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Julius, M. H., Masuda, T., & Herzenberg, L. A. (1972) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.69.7.1934 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Selin, L. K., Vergilis, K., Welsh, R. M., & Nahill, S. R. (1996) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.183.6.2489 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
T H 1 and T H 2 Cell Antigen Receptors in Experimental Leishmaniasis
Reiner, S. L., Wang, Z., Hatam, F., Scott, P., & Locksley, R. M. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8451641 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Johnson, R. P., Piechocka‐Trocha, A., Yang, L., Mazzara, G. P., Panicali, D., Buchanan, T. M., & Walker, B. D. (1991) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.147.5.1512 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Tsomides, T. J., Walker, B. D., & Eisen, H. N. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.24.11276 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Molecular characterization of single memory B cells
McHeyzer‐Williams, M. G., Nossal, G. J. V., & Lalor, P. A. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/350502a0 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the cellular basis of immunological T cell memory
Bruno, L., Kirberg, J., & von Boehmer, H. (1995) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/1074-7613(95)90077-2 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Moss, P. A. H., Rowland‐Jones, S., Frodsham, P., McAdam, S., Giangrande, P. L. F., McMichael, A. J., & Bell, J. I. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.13.5773 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationEstablishment and Persistence of Virus‐Specific CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Memory
Doherty, P. C., Topham, D. J., & Tripp, R. A. (1996) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1996.tb00694.x · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Pantaleo, G., Koenig, S., Baseler, M., Lane, H. C., & Fauci, A. S. (1990) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.144.5.1696 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Isolation of high-affinity memory B cells: phycoerythrin as a probe for antigen-binding cells.
Hayakawa, K., Ishii, R., Yamasaki, K., Kishimoto, T., & Hardy, R. R. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.5.1379 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Temporal loss of the activated L-selectin-low phenotype for virus-specific CD8+ memory T cells.
Tripp, R. A., Hou, S., & Doherty, P. C. (1995) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.154.11.5870 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Gotch, F., Nixon, D. F., Alp, N., McMichael, A. J., & Boryslewicz, L. K. (1990) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/2.8.707 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationLeitenberg, D., Novak, T. J., Färber, D. L., Smith, B. R., & Bottomly, K. (1996) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.183.1.249 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Koup, R., Pikora, C., Luzuriaga, K., Brettler, D. B., Day, E. S., Mazzara, G. P., & Sullivan, J. L. (1991) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.174.6.1593 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Hou, S., & Doherty, P. C. (1993) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.150.12.5494 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
MacDonald, H. R., Casanova, J., Maryanski, J. L., & Cerottini, J. C. (1993) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.177.5.1487 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Walker, P. R., Ohteki, T., López, J. A., MacDonald, H. R., & Maryanski, J. L. (1995) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.155.7.3443 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Kinetics of activation antigen expression by in vitro-stimulated human T lymphocytes
Holter, W., Majdic, O., Liszka, K., Stockinger, H. S. J., & Knapp, W. (1985) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/0008-8749(85)90197-2 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Prevalence and Activation Phenotype of Sendai Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cells
Ewing, C., Topham, D. J., & Doherty, P. C. (1995) · Virology · doi:10.1006/viro.1995.1329 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
In vitro induction of T-lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity by infectious murine type C oncornaviruses.
Taniyama, T., & Holden, H. T. (1979) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.150.6.1367 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 39 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression
Day, C. L., Kaufmann, D. E., Kiepiela, P., Brown, J. A., Moodley, E. S., Reddy, S., Mackey, E. W., Miller, J. D., Leslie, A. J., DePierres, C., et al. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05115 · Cited by 2,680 · see citing works
Self-citationHLA-E binds to natural killer cell receptors CD94/NKG2A, B and C
Braud, V. M., Allan, D., O'Callaghan, C. A., Söderström, K., D’Andrea, A., Ogg, G. S., Lazetic, S., Young, N. T., Bell, J. I., Phillips, J. H., et al. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35869 · Cited by 2,226 · see citing works
Self-citationViral Immune Evasion Due to Persistence of Activated T Cells Without Effector Function
Zajac, A. J., Blattman, J. N., Murali-Krishna, K., Sourdive, D. J. D., Suresh, M., Altman, J. D., & Ahmed, R. (1998) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.188.12.2205 · Cited by 1,978 · see citing works
“MHC class I (H-2D b ) tetramers complexed with either LCMV–GP33–41 or LCMV– NP396–404 peptides were produced exactly as previously described (25, 26).”
Self-citationCounting Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells: A Reevaluation of Bystander Activation during Viral Infection
Murali‐Krishna, K., Altman, J. D., Suresh, M., Sourdive, D. J. D., Zajac, A. J., Miller, J. D., Slansky, J. E., & Ahmed, R. (1998) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80470-7 · Cited by 1,918 · see citing works
Self-citationReits, E. A., Hodge, J. W., Herberts, C. A., Groothuis, T. A., Chakraborty, M., K.Wansley, E., Camphausen, K., Luiten, R. M., de Ru, A. H., Neijssen, J., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20052494 · Cited by 1,737 · see citing works
“folding the HLA-A1 heavy chain with peptides CGI-51(206–215), MSH6(469–478), and F-box protein Fbl7(335–362) and human β2m as described (51).”
BackgroundBetts, M. R., Brenchley, J. M., Price, D. A., Rosa, S. C. D., Douek, D. C., Roederer, M., & Koup, R. A. (2003) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00265-5 · Cited by 1,587 · see citing works
Memory CD8+ T cells vary in differentiation phenotype in different persistent virus infections
Appay, V., Dunbar, P. R., Callan, M. F. C., Klenerman, P., Gillespie, G. M. A., Papagno, L., Ogg, G. S., King, A., Lechner, F., Spina, C. A., et al. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0402-379 · Cited by 1,556 · see citing works
“HLA–peptide tetrameric complexes ('tetramers') were produced as describe”
MethodSelf-citationUpregulation of PD-1 expression on HIV-specific CD8+ T cells leads to reversible immune dysfunction
Trautmann, L., Janbazian, L., Chomont, N., Said, E. A., Gimmig, S., Bessette, B., Boulassel, M.-R., Delwart, E., Sepulveda, H., Balderas, R. S., et al. (2006) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1482 · Cited by 1,565 · see citing works
“Soluble pMHC monomers were generated as previously describe”
MethodPreferential Localization of Effector Memory Cells in Nonlymphoid Tissue
Masopust, D., Vezys, V., Marzo, A. L., & Lefrançois, L. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1058867 · Cited by 1,952 · see citing works
Quantitation of HIV-1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Plasma Load of Viral RNA
Ogg, G. S., Jin, X., Bonhoeffer, S., Dunbar, P. R., Nowak, M. A., Monard, S. P., Segal, J. P., Cao, Y., Rowland‐Jones, S., Cerundolo, V., et al. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.279.5359.2103 · Cited by 1,381 · see citing works
Self-citationTGF-β directly targets cytotoxic T cell functions during tumor evasion of immune surveillance
Thomas, D. A., & Massagué, J. (2005) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2005.10.012 · Cited by 1,355 · see citing works
“CD8+ T cells that recognize this tumor antigen can be identified using flow cytotmetry plus fluorescently labeled tetramers of recombinant H-2K b molecules loaded with the SIINFEKL peptide (Altman et al., 1996; Appay and Row-land-Jones, 2002).”
Analysis of Successful Immune Responses in Persons Infected with Hepatitis C Virus
Lechner, F., Wong, D., Dunbar, P. R., Chapman, R. W., Chung, R. T., Dohrenwend, P. B., Robbins, G. K., Phillips, R., Klenerman, P., & Walker, B. D. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.191.9.1499 · Cited by 1,269 · see citing works
Yee, C., Thompson, J. A., Byrd, D., Riddell, S. R., Roche, P. C., Celis, E., & Greenberg, P. D. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.242600099 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
Standardizing immunophenotyping for the Human Immunology Project
Maecker, H. T., McCoy, J. P., & Nussenblatt, R. B. (2012) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3158 · Cited by 1,183 · see citing works
“These uses include the identification of antigen-specific T cells using tetramer”
MethodMarincola, F. M., Jaffee, E. M., Hicklin, D. J., & Ferrone, S. (1999) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60911-6 · Cited by 1,173 · see citing works
Characterization of circulating T cells specific for tumor-associated antigens in melanoma patients
Lee, P. P., Yee, C., Savage, P. A., Fong, L. H., Brockstedt, D. G., Weber, J. S., Johnson, D. L., Swetter, S. M., Thompson, J. A., Greenberg, P. D., et al. (1999) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/9525 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
“To evaluate whether or not circulating TAA-specific T cells exist in patients with metastatic melanoma as evidence for systemic immune response to cancer, and to study the native biological properties of such cells, we used MHC/peptide tetramers to stain T cells in an antigen-specific manne”
MethodSelf-citationSutmuller, R. P. M., van Duivenvoorde, L. M., van Elsas, A., Schumacher, T. N. M., Wildenberg, M. E., Allison, J. P., Toes, R. E. M., Offringa, R., & Melief, C. J. M. (2001) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.194.6.823 · Cited by 1,008 · see citing works
“H-2K b tetramers were produced as described previously (20, 21) and stored frozen in Tris-buffered saline/16% glycerol/0.”
MethodSkewed maturation of memory HIV-specific CD8 T lymphocytes
Champagne, P., Ogg, G. S., King, A. S., Knabenhans, C., Ellefsen, K., Nobile, M., Appay, V., Rizzardi, G. P., Fleury, S., Lipp, M., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35065118 · Cited by 1,002 · see citing works
Self-citationCommensal bacteria calibrate the activation threshold of innate antiviral immunity
Abt, M. C., Osborne, L. C., Monticelli, L. A., Doering, T. A., Alenghat, T., Sonnenberg, G. F., Paley, M. A., Antenus, M., Williams, K. L., Erikson, J., et al. (2012) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.04.011 · Cited by 993 · see citing works
Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition)
Cossarizza, A., Chang, H., Radbruch, A., Acs, A., Adam, D., Adam‐Klages, S., Agace, W. W., Aghaeepour, N., Akdiş, M., Allez, M., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201970107 · Cited by 982 · see citing works
Modelling viral and immune system dynamics
Perelson, A. S. (2002) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri700 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
Costimulation of CD8αβ T cells by NKG2D via engagement by MIC induced on virus-infected cells
Groh, V., Rhinehart, R. L., Randolph‐Habecker, J., Topp, M. S., Riddell, S. R., & Spies, T. A. (2001) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/85321 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
“Akatsuka (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center) and were produced in a manner that was similar to the original metho”
ResultHuman memory T cells: generation, compartmentalization and homeostasis
Farber, D. L., Yudanin, N. A., & Restifo, N. P. (2014) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3567 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
A Direct Estimate of the Human αβ T Cell Receptor Diversity
Arstila, T. P., Casrouge, A., Baron, V., Even, J., Kanellopoulos, J., & Kourilsky, P. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5441.958 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Klein, J., & Sato, A. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200009073431006 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
LIGAND RECOGNITION BY αβ T CELL RECEPTORS
Davis, M. M., Boniface, J. J., Reich, Z., Lyons, D. S., Hampl, J., Arden, B., & Chien, Y. (1998) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.523 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Self-citationIsolating and engineering human antibodies using yeast surface display
Chao, G., Lau, W. L., Hackel, B. J., Sazinsky, S. L., Lippow, S. M., & Wittrup, K. D. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.94 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
THE NOD MOUSE: A Model of Immune Dysregulation
Anderson, M. S., & Bluestone, J. A. (2005) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115643 · Cited by 1,113 · see citing works
Callan, M. F. C., Tan, L., Annels, N., Ogg, G. S., Wilson, J. D. K., O'Callaghan, C. A., Steven, N., McMichael, A. J., & Rickinson, A. B. (1998) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.187.9.1395 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Self-citationTracking the Response of Natural Killer T Cells to a Glycolipid Antigen Using Cd1d Tetramers
Matsuda, J. L., Naidenko, O. V., Gapin, L., Nakayama, T., Taniguchi, M., Wang, C.-R., Koezuka, Y., & Kronenberg, M. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.192.5.741 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
“The development of MHC multimer technology has provided a breakthrough in the ability to follow T cell populations defined by their antigen specificity (28, 29).”
BackgroundDiefenbach, A., Jamieson, A. M., Liu, S. D., Shastri, N., & Raulet, D. H. (2000) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/77793 · Cited by 878 · see citing works
“The recombinant protein was purified from inclusion bodies and refolded in vitro as describe”
MethodCytokine control of memory T-cell development and survival
Schluns, K. S., & Lefrançois, L. (2003) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1052 · Cited by 879 · see citing works
Barouch, D. H., Santra, S., Schmitz, J. E., Kuroda, M. J., Fu, T., Wagner, W., Bilska, M., Craiu, A., Zheng, X. X., Krivulka, G. R., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5491.486 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Self-citationHIV-specific CD8(+) T cells produce antiviral cytokines but are impaired in cytolytic function
Appay, V., Nixon, D. F., Donahoe, S. M., Gillespie, G. M. A., Dong, T., King, A., Ogg, G. S., Spiegel, H. M. L., Conlon, C., Spina, C. A., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.192.1.63 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Self-citationMemory CD8 T-Cell Differentiation during Viral Infection
Wherry, E. J., & Ahmed, R. (2004) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.78.11.5535-5545.2004 · Cited by 858 · see citing works
“notypic characterization of antigen-specific T cells by flow cytometry (5, 85).”
BackgroundGros, A., Parkhurst, M. R., Tran, E., Pasetto, A., Robbins, P. F., Ilyas, S., Prickett, T. D., Gartner, J. J., Crystal, J. S., Roberts, I. M., et al. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4051 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Original antigenic sin and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever
Mongkolsapaya, J., Dejnirattisai, W., Xu, X., Vasanawathana, S., Tangthawornchaikul, N., Chairunsri, A., Sawasdivorn, S., Duangchinda, T., Dong, T., Rowland‐Jones, S., et al. (2003) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm887 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Self-citationMaini, M. K., Boni, C., Lee, C. K., Larrubia, J. R., Reignat, S., Ogg, G. S., King, A. S., Herberg, J. A., Gilson, R. J. C., Alisa, A., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.191.8.1269 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
“Soluble HLA-A2–peptide tetramers were produced as described previously (26).”
Dendrou, C. A., Petersen, J., Rossjohn, J., & Fugger, L. H. (2018) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2017.143 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
“The development of HLA tetramers (BOX 1) and higher order multimers has been transformative for the study of T cell responses, as it has facilitated the ex vivo identification and quantification of antigenspecific T cells as well, as the mapping of their epitopes 93,94 .”
BackgroundGumperz, J. E., Miyake, S., Yamamura, T., & Brenner, M. B. (2002) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20011786 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
“Recently, a novel technique has been developed that uses soluble antigen presenting molecules, loaded with a specific antigen and complexed into a fluorescently labeled tetrameric form (“tetramers”), to detect and characterize antigen-specific T cells (35).”
MethodKhan, N., Shariff, N., Cobbold, M., Bruton, R., Ainsworth, J. A., Sinclair, A. J., Nayak, L., & Moss, P. A. H. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.4.1984 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Self-citationGallimore, A., Glithero, A., Godkin, A. J., Tissot, A. C., Plückthun, A., Elliott, T. J., Hengartner, H., & Zinkernagel, R. M. (1998) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.187.9.1383 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
“(11) described a method, using tetrameric soluble MHC class I–peptide complexes, for the identification of antigen-specific CD8 1 cells in the 1 Abbreviations used in this paper: b 2 M, b 2 microglobulin; CD, cluster of”
BackgroundMethodA minimal peptide substrate in biotin holoenzyme synthetase‐catalyzed biotinylation
Beckett, D., Kovaleva, E. G., & Schatz, P. J. (1999) · Protein Science · doi:10.1110/ps.8.4.921 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
“The identified sequences have been fused to either the N-terminus or the C-terminus of a variety of proteins, and can be biotinylated either in vitro or in vivo ~Altman et al., 1996; Kim & McHenry, 1996; Tatsumi et al., 1996; Tsao et al., 1996; Smith et al., 1998!.”
BackgroundAntigen-specific memory B cell development.
McHeyzer-Williams, L. J., & McHeyzer-Williams, M. (2005) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115732 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantifying Memory CD8 T Cells Reveals Regionalization of Immunosurveillance
Steinert, E. M., Schenkel, J. M., Fraser, K. A., Beura, L. K., Manlove, L. S., Igyártó, B. Z., Southern, P. J., & Masopust, D. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.031 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
“However, technical innovations, such as the development of MHC I tetramers (Altman et al., 1996), revealed that antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses were 10- to 100-fold bigger than initially thought, precipitating a substantial revision in conceptualization of the immune response (Murali-Krishna et al.”
BackgroundAlmeida, J. R., Price, D. A., Papagno, L., Arkoub, Z. A., Sauce, D., Bornstein, E. R., Asher, T. E., Samri, A., Schnuriger, A., Theodorou, I. D., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20070784 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Einsele, H., Roosnek, E. E., Rufer, N., Sinzger, C., Riegler, S., Löffler, J., Grigoleit, U., Moris, A., Rammensee, H., Kanz, L., et al. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v99.11.3916 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Interleukin 15 Is Required for Proliferative Renewal of Virus-specific Memory CD8 T Cells
Becker, T. C., Wherry, E. J., Boone, D. L., Murali‐Krishna, K., Antia, R., Ma, A. I., & Ahmed, R. (2002) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20020369 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
“The availability of TCR transgenic T cells, the development of sensitive techniques for assessing T cell function at the single cell level, and perhaps most importantly, the ability to physically identify antigen-specific CD8 T cells using MHC class I tetramers, has greatly facilitated studies addressing the important…”
BackgroundAllen, T. M., O’Connor, D. H., Jing, P., Dzuris, J. L., Mothé, B. R., Vogel, T. U., DUNPHY, E. B., Liebl, M. E., Emerson, C. L., Wilson, N. A., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35030124 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
“Methods Tetramer analysis Soluble tetrameric Mamu-A*01 MHC class I/SIV peptide complexes were constructed as describe”
MethodSelf-citationVirus-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Primary and Secondary Influenza Pneumonia
Flynn, K. J., Belz, G. T., Altman, J. D., Ahmed, R., Woodland, D. L., & Doherty, P. C. (1998) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80573-7 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Self-citationMolldrem, J. J., Lee, P. P., Wang, C., Felio, K., Kantarjian, H. M., Champlin, R. E., & Davis, M. M. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/79526 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
“Tetramer synthesis and validation was performed as previously describe”
MethodSelf-citationAdenoviruses as vaccine vectors
Tatsis, N., & Ertl, H. C. J. (2004) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.07.013 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
“3 , are now available [61] [62] [63] [64] .”
Eventual AIDS vaccine failure in a rhesus monkey by viral escape from cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Barouch, D. H., Kunstman, J., Kuroda, M. J., Schmitz, J. E., Santra, S., Peyerl, F. W., Krivulka, G. R., Beaudry, K. R., Lifton, M. A., Gorgone, D. A., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415335a · Cited by 660 · see citing works
“, as determined by p11C tetramer staining of freshly isolated CD8 p T lymphocyte”
MethodSelf-citationHUMAN T CELL RESPONSES AGAINST MELANOMA
Boon, T., Coulie, P. G., den Eynde, B. J. V., & van der Bruggen, P. (2005) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090733 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Sun, J. C.-Y., Williams, M. A., & Bevan, M. J. (2004) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1105 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
“H-2D b tetramers bound to LCMV GP(33–41) were generated as describe”
MethodSpeiser, D. E., Líénard, D., Rufer, N., Rubio‐Godoy, V., Rimoldi, D., Lejeune, F. J., Krieg, A. Μ., Cerottini, J., & Romero, P. J. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci23373 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
“called tetramers) were prepared as described previously (42, 51) with Melan-A analog peptide26–35 ELAGIGILTV.”
MethodWedemeyer, H. H., He, X.-S., Nascimbeni, M., Davis, A. R., Greenberg, H. B., Hoofnagle, J. H., Liang, T. J., Alter, H. J., & Rehermann, B. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3447 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
“Virusspecific CD8 T cells have been investigated with tetramers in several diseases including HIV (12, 13), EBV (14), and CMV infection (13), and we and others have reported the use of tetramers in studies of HCV (6, 7, 15, 16).”
BackgroundCellular immune responses to HIV
McMichael, A. J., & Rowland‐Jones, S. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35073658 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Self-citationFollicular Helper T Cells: Lineage and Location
Fazilleau, N., Mark, L., McHeyzer‐Williams, L. J., & McHeyzer‐Williams, M. G. (2009) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.03.003 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
“Polyclonal Antigen-Specific Tfh Cells Directly monitoring antigen-specific Th cells in polyclonal immune systems (McHeyzer-Williams and Davis, 1995) and the advent of pMHCII tetramer technology (Altman et al., 1996) provides experimental access to the polyclonal immune system.”
BackgroundSelf-citationReantragoon, R., Corbett, A. J., Sakala, I. G., Gherardin, N. A., Furness, J. B., Chen, Z., Eckle, S. B. G., Uldrich, A. P., Birkinshaw, R. W., Patel, O., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20130958 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
“Tetramers of Agpresenting molecules permit Ag-specific T cells to be isolated, quantified, tracked, and characterized from the milieu of T cells within the host (Altman et al., 1996; Davis et al., 2011).”
BackgroundEstimating the Precursor Frequency of Naive Antigen-specific CD8 T Cells
Blattman, J. N., Antia, R., Sourdive, D. J. D., Wang, X., Kaech, S. M., Murali‐Krishna, K., Altman, J. D., & Ahmed, R. (2002) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20001021 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
“tide (KAVYNFATM) and prepared as previously described (3, 12).”
MethodSelf-citationNewell, E. W., Sigal, N., Bendall, S. C., Nolan, G. P., & Davis, M. M. (2012) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.01.002 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
“Because each of these cells is also exquisitely specific for a very small subset of peptide antigens, an ability to probe the status of cells specific for a given antigen, either by stimulation with antigen or by direct identification with peptide-MHC multimers (Altman et al., 1996; Davis et al., 2011), allows insight…”
BackgroundSelf-citationReverse Vaccinology: Developing Vaccines in the Era of Genomics
Sette, A., & Rappuoli, R. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.09.017 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
“First, the breadth of alleles for which multimeric staining reagents are commonly available is constantly expanding (Altman et al., 1996; Bakker and Schumacher, 2005; McHeyzer-Williams et al., 1996).”
BackgroundAn immunomodulatory role for CD4+CD25+ regulatory T lymphocytes in hepatitis C virus infection
Cabrera, R., Tu, Z., Xu, Y., Firpi, R. J., Rosen, H. R., Liu, C., & Nelson, D. R. (2004) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20454 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
McPAS-TCR: a manually curated catalogue of pathology-associated T cell receptor sequences
Tickotsky, N., Sagiv, T., Prilusky, J., Shifrut, E., & Friedman, N. (2017) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btx286 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
The foundations of immune checkpoint blockade and the ipilimumab approval decennial
Korman, A. J., Garrett-Thomson, S. C., & Lönberg, N. (2021) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-021-00345-8 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Shaping and reshaping CD8+ T-cell memory
Harty, J. T., & Badovinac, V. P. (2008) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2251 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
In Vivo Identification of Glycolipid Antigen–Specific T Cells Using Fluorescent Cd1d Tetramers
Benlagha, K., Weiss, A. H., Beavis, A. J., Teyton, L., & Bendelac, A. S. (1999) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.191.11.1895 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies *
Cossarizza, A., Chang, H., Radbruch, A., Akdiş, M., Andrä, I., Annunziato, F., Bächer, P., Barnaba, V., Battistini, L., Bauer, W. M., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201646632 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Pierson, T. C., McArthur, J. C., & Siliciano, R. F. (2000) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.665 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Autoimmune Destruction of Skin Melanocytes by Perilesional T Cells from Vitiligo Patients
van den Boorn, J. G., Konijnenberg, D., Dellemijn, T. A. M., van der Veen, J. P. W., Bos, J. D., Melief, C. J. M., Vyth‐Dreese, F. A., & Luiten, R. M. (2009) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.32 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
“Tetramer synthesis and T-cell specificity analysis R-phycoerythrin (PE)- or allophycocyanin (APC)-conjugated HLAA2/peptide complex tetramers were synthesized as described before (Altman et al., 1996) for the antigens tyrosinase369-377 (YMDGTMSQV), gp100280-288 (YLEPGPVTA), gp100209-217 (ITDQVPFSV), MART-126-35 (modifi…”
Altered peptide ligand vaccination with Flt3 ligand expanded dendritic cells for tumor immunotherapy
Fong, L. H., Hou, Y., Rivas, A., Benike, C. J., Yuen, A. R., Fisher, G. A., Davis, M. M., & Engleman, E. G. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.141226398 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Self-citationTumor antigens recognized by T cells
Boon, T., Coulie, P. G., & den Eynde, B. J. V. (1997) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/s0167-5699(97)80020-5 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Tumour immunity: effector response to tumour and role of the microenvironment
Mantovani, A., Romero, P. J., Palucka, A. K., & Marincola, F. M. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60241-x · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition)
Cossarizza, A., Chang, H., Radbruch, A., Abrignani, S., Addo, R., Akdis, M., Andrä, I., Andreata, F., Annunziato, F., Arranz, E., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202170126 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Schluns, K. S., Williams, K., Ma, A. I., Zheng, X. X., & Lefrançois, L. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.10.4827 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
“VSV-Nspecific CD8 T cells were detected using H-2K b tetramers containing the N protein-derived peptide RGYVYQGL (14) and were generated as previously described (15, 16).”
MethodRomero, P. J., Dunbar, P. R., Valmori, D., Pittet, M. J., Ogg, G. S., Rimoldi, D., Chen, J., Líénard, D., Cerottini, J., & Cerundolo, V. (1998) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.188.9.1641 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
In Vivo Activation of Antigen-Specific CD4 T Cells
Jenkins, M. K., Khoruts, A., Ingulli, E. G., Mueller, D. L., McSorley, S. J., Reinhardt, R. L., Itano, A. A., & Pape, K. A. (2001) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.23 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Signal 3 Determines Tolerance versus Full Activation of Naive CD8 T Cells
Curtsinger, J., Lins, D. C., & Mescher, M. F. (2003) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20021910 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Huang, H., Wang, C., Rubelt, F., Scriba, T. J., & Davis, M. M. (2020) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0505-4 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Self-citationCoordinate Regulation of Complex T Cell Populations Responding to Bacterial Infection
Busch, D. H., Pilip, I. M., Vijh, S., & Pamer, E. G. (1998) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80540-3 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Pittet, M. J., Valmori, D., Dunbar, P. R., Speiser, D. E., Líénard, D., Lejeune, F. J., Fleischhauer, K., Cerundolo, V., Cerottini, J., & Romero, P. J. (1999) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.190.5.705 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
“Since the majority of HLAA * 0201 individuals are sensitized against the latter immunodominant peptide (25), it served as a source of welldefined memory-type, epitope-specific CTL populations in circulating lymphocytes (26).”
BackgroundThe Critical Need for CD4 Help in Maintaining Effective Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses
Kalams, S. A., & Walker, B. D. (1998) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.188.12.2199 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
“(20) now provide insights into how CD4 deficiency may impair CTL responses, and like other recent advances in understanding of CTLs these data have been facilitated by the direct visualization of CTL using peptide–MHC tetramers (29).”
BackgroundAbbink, P., Lemckert, A. A. C., Ewald, B. A., Lynch, D. M., Denholtz, M., Smits, S., Holterman, L., Damen, I., Vogels, R., Thorner, A. R., et al. (2007) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02696-06 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
“Tetrameric H-2D complexes folded around the immunodominant SIV Gag AL11 epitope (AAVKNWMTQTL) (3) were prepared and utilized to stain peptide-specific CD8 T lymphocytes from C57BL/6 mice as described previously (1, 3).”
MethodSelf-citationYager, E. J., Ahmed, M., Lanzer, K., Randall, T. D., Woodland, D. L., & Blackman, M. A. (2008) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20071140 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Colonna, M., Samaridis, J., Cella, M., Ångman, L., Allen, R. L., O’Callaghan, C. A., Dunbar, P. R., Ogg, G. S., Cerundolo, V., & Rolink, A. G. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 499 · see citing works
A Re-Evaluation of the Frequency of CD8+ T Cells Specific for EBV in Healthy Virus Carriers
Tan, L., Gudgeon, N. H., Annels, N. E., Hansasuta, P., O’Callaghan, C. A., Rowland‐Jones, S., McMichael, A. J., Rickinson, A. B., & Callan, M. F. C. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1827 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
“Soluble MHC-peptide tetramers were produced using a method similar to that described previously (16).”
MethodSelf-citationc-MAF-dependent regulatory T cells mediate immunological tolerance to a gut pathobiont
Xu, M., Pokrovskii, M., Ding, Y., Yi, R., Au, C., Harrison, O. J., Galan, C., Belkaid, Y., Bonneau, R., & Littman, D. R. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25500 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
“HH-E2 tetramer was kindly produced by the NIH Tetramer Core Facility 37 .”
A Kinetic Basis For T Cell Receptor Repertoire Selection during an Immune Response
Savage, P. A., Boniface, J. J., & Davis, M. M. (1999) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80048-5 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Self-citationSustained Dysfunction of Antiviral CD8 + T Lymphocytes after Infection with Hepatitis C Virus
Gruener, N. H., Lechner, F., Jung, M., Diepolder, H. M., Gerlach, T. J., Lauer, G. M., Walker, B. D., Sullivan, J., Phillips, R., Pape, G. R., et al. (2001) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.75.12.5550-5558.2001 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Andersen, M. H., Schrama, D., Straten, P. T., & Becker, J. C. (2005) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700001 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
“, 2002), fluorescently labeled multimeric peptide/MHC reagents in multicolor flow cytometry (Betts et al., 2003; Altman et al., 1996), and TCR clonotype mapping (Pannetier et al.”
BackgroundSingle-cell analysis tools for drug discovery and development
Heath, J. R., Ribas, A., & Mischel, P. S. (2016) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2015.16 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
“To understand immune responses to cancer, it is of significant interest to develop approaches that can match the TCR genes with their specific (or cognate) antigen, which usually result from nonsynonymous somatic mutations specific for each cancer 105,133,135–138, 140, 141 .”
WHITESIDE, T. (2005) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2005.07.008 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Two-photon tissue imaging: seeing the immune system in a fresh light
Cahalan, M. D., Parker, I., Wei, S. H., & Miller, M. J. (2002) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri935 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
“Antigen-specific T cells can be identified in vivo using fluorescent peptide–MHC tetramer”
BackgroundTLR2 is expressed on activated T cells as a costimulatory receptor.
Komai-Koma, M., Jones, L., Ogg, G., Xu, D.-M., & Liew, F. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.0400171101 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Vance, R. E., Leavey, J. K., Altman, J. D., Jensen, P. E., & Raulet, D. H. (1998) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.188.10.1841 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
“The Qa-1 b / b 2m/Qdm complex was biotinylated with the BirA enzyme as described (37), purified on a UnoQ ion exchange column (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA), and tetramerized with streptavidin-APC (Molecular Probes Inc.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationCobbold, M., Khan, N., Pourgheysari, B., Tauro, S., McDonald, D., Osman, H., Assenmacher, M., Billingham, L., Steward, C., Crawley, C., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20040613 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
“use of standard methods (20), and the components of the HLA–peptide tetra-”
MethodSelf-citationImmune Activation and CD8+ T-Cell Differentiation towards Senescence in HIV-1 Infection
Papagno, L., Spina, C. A., Marchant, A., Salio, M., Rufer, N., Little, S., Dong, T., Chesney, G., Waters, A., Easterbrook, P., et al. (2004) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020020 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
“HLA–peptide tetrameric complexes (‘‘tetramers’’) were produced as previously described (Altman et al. 1996) and included the following specificity: A2 HIV p17-SLYNTVATL and pol-ILKEPVHGV, A2 CMV pp65-NLVPMVATV, A2 EBV BMLF1-GLCTLVAML, A2 influenza matrix-GILGFVFTL, A2 melanA-ELAGIGILTV, B7 HIV nef-TPGPGVRYPL and gp41-…”
MethodSelf-citationDirect access to CD4+ T cells specific for defined antigens according to CD154 expression
Frentsch, M., Arbach, O., Kirchhoff, D., Moewes, B., Worm, M., Rothe, M., Scheffold, A., & Thiel, A. (2005) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1292 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Hadrup, S. R., Strindhall, J., Køllgaard, T., Seremet, T., Johansson, B. E. A., Pawelec, G., Straten, P. T., & Wikby, A. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2645 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
“insight regarding the biology of Ag-specific CD8 T cells (16).”
Background
- Authors
- Altman, J. D., Moss, P. A. H., Goulder, P. J. R., Barouch, D. H., McHeyzer-Williams, M. G., Bell, J. I., McMichael, A. J., & Davis, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- J. D. Altman and M. G. McHeyzer-Williams, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5428, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davis, Mark M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1996-10-04
- Volume
- 274
- Issue
- 5284
- Pages
- 94-96
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2067069532
- Cited by
- 3,544
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 101 · 2012: 93
- FWCI
- 35.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Keywords
- antigen-specific T cells, peptide-MHC tetramers, HLA-A2, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, cytotoxicity assay, T cell phenotyping, HIV infection, tumor-specific T cells, autoantigen-specific T cells
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Epitopes, Antigens, Viral, Base Sequence, Cell Line, Coloring Agents, Flow Cytometry, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Peptide Fragments, Phenotype, RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, Viral Matrix Proteins, Gene Products, gag, HLA-A2 Antigen, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
